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Evidence for discrete ochre exploitation 35,000 years ago in West Africa
No full textInternational audienceDespite new impetus for Late Pleistocene research in West Africa, little is known about the range of Middle Stone Age behaviours in this region. Yet, the multiplicity of Middle Stone Age lithic technologies testifies to significant behavioural and demographic dynamics, marked by innovation and adaptability. Here, we present the first indepth analysis of ochre remains in West Africa. New data from Toumboura III site, eastern Senegal, dated between 40 ± 3 and 30 ± 3 ka, point towards the use of ochre pieces as part of an occasional and specialized ochre crushing activity, probably dedicated to the production of powders, as well as the use of ochre sticks. Ochre pieces were studied at both macro and microscopic levels and while some of this iron-rich material likely accumulated in the deposits without anthropogenic intervention, another significant set of ochre pieces was found that was likely processed in situ. The impact scars on the pieces are not as striking as grinding traces for evidencing human exploitation. Nonetheless, they cannot be explained by natural phenomena. These remains could represent the earliest known evidence of ochre exploitation in Senegal. They potentially open new perspectives on symbolic behaviours in the Middle Stone Age of West Africa. They show that the full range of human behaviours in this region is yet far from being captured
Influence of Visual-Inertial Sensor-To-Segment Calibration on Upper Limb Joint Angles Estimation from Multiple Inverse Kinematics Methods
No full textInternational audienceThis study aims to explore the potential for accurately estimating joint angles during upper limb rehabilitation tasks with different calibration procedures, inverse kinematics methods and measurement modalities. Affordable embedded visual-inertial measurement units offer a promising alternative to the costly and cumbersome gold standard marker-based stereophotogrammetric systems. However, affordability comes with inherent sensors inaccuracies. Hence, prior to their application in a real clinical setting, it is important to demonstrate their ability for accurate joint angle estimation. Discrepancies in joint angles arise due to the inaccuracies of different sensing modalities but also to sensor-to-segment calibration procedures that significantly alter the joint offsets. Therefore, in this paper, the impact of functional and anatomical calibration procedures on joint angle estimation was compared among seven healthy young volunteers. When the same calibration procedures were applied with visual-inertial measurement units and stereophotogrammetric systems data, a relatively small root mean square error of 7.9deg and correlation coefficients exceeding 0.86 were observed. When different calibration procedures were applied with visual-inertial measurement units and stereophotogrammetric systems data, higher root mean square superior to 10deg were observed, highlighting the importance of consistency with the reference set when assessing accuracy. Furthermore, our analysis shows the benefit of using multi-body inverse kinematics procedure over treating inverse kinematics separately for each segment when dealing with inaccurate visual-inertial measurement units data
On geometry of simultaneous approximation to three real numbers
No full text15 pages, 2 figuresInternational audienceConsidering simultaneous approximation to three numbers, we study the geometry of the sequence of best approximations. We provide a sharper lower bound for the ratio between ordinary and uniform exponent of Diophantine approximation, optimal in terms of this geometry
Voces de subalternos en la literatura argentina sobre la última dictadura militar : Dos veces junio de Martín Kohan y Villa de Luis Gusmán
No full textInternational audienceVilla de Luis Gusmán (1995) y Dos veces junio (2002) de Martin Kohan son dos novelas argentinas explícitamente conectadas entre ellas que imaginan, con una focalización antes no ensayada, las hablas privadas de los torturadores y de sus colaboradores en la rutina cotidiana del cuartel y de los chupaderos. La narración casi neutra de los subalternos se complace en el deber cumplido y el celo de la norma. La representación de esa mentalidad histórica que querríamos imposible logra un efecto realista mediante el relato de la ejecución concreta del secuestro, la tortura, la desaparición y el robo de bebés metódica y cuidadosamente calculados. La figuración del horror, magistralmente controlada en ambas novelas, exhibe el diálogo de las letras argentinas contemporáneas con un corpus de tradiciones estéticas y políticas acerca de cómo narrar el pasado y de cómo narrar el pasado desde el presente
Droit(s) et Territoire(s) – Regards croisés des sciences juridiques et territoriales
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Effect of a ceruminolytic ear cleaner on clinical, microbiological and ear canal microbiome evolution in canine erythemato‐ceruminous otitis externa associated with proliferation of Malassezia yeasts
No full textInternational audienceZusammenfassung Hintergrund Eine erythematös‐ceruminöse Otitis externa (ECOE) wird häufig mit Malassezia spp. und einer mikrobiellen Imbalance in Zusammenhang gesehen. Hypothese/Ziele Eine Untersuchung der klinischen Leistung eines Ohrreinigers bei Hunden, die eine ECOE mit einem Malassezia spp. Überwachstum haben und eine Messung dieses Einflusses auf die Mikrobiota. Tiere Dreißig Hunde in Privatbesitz mit einer mild‐bis‐moderaten ECOE im Zusammenhang mit einem Malassezia spp. Überwachstum. Materialien und Methoden Pruritus Wert (PS), klinischer Wert (0‐3 Otitis Index Score [OTIS3]: basierend auf Sekretion, Erythem, Hyperplasie und Ulzeration) und zytologischer Wert (CS) wurden am Tag (D)0, D7 und D14 erfasst. Es wurden am D0 und D14 sterile Ohrtupfer verwendet, um eine Pilzkultur durchzuführen. DNA‐Extraktion und PCR‐Amplifizierung des 18 ITS und 16S rRNA‐Gens wurden durchgeführt, um die Zusammensetzung und die Veränderungen im otischen Mikrobiom zu evaluieren. Die Ohren wurden je nach Sekretionswert täglich, jeden zweiten Tag oder zweimal wöchentlich mit einem ceruminolytischen Ohrreiniger gereinigt. Ergebnisse Siebenundfünfzig Ohren (30 Hunde) beendeten die Studie. PS, OTIS‐3 und CS waren am D7 bzw D14 (‐45%, ‐43%, ‐60% bzw ‐77%, ‐66%, ‐76%; p < 0,0001 Wilcoxon Test) signifikant vermindert. Die Pilzkulturen waren am D0 nur bei 34 Ohren positiv ( Malassezia spp.) und bei allen Ohren am D14 negativ. Die Mykobiota Zusammensetzung war vor und nach der Behandlung signifikant verschieden, wobei die Diversität der Pilze am D14 im Vergleich zu D0 zunahm (Shannon Index; p < 0,003 Wilcoxon Test). Bei der bakteriellen Zusammensetzung gab es keine Veränderung. Schlussfolgerungen und klinische Bedeutung Im Falle einer ECOE mit Malassezia spp. Überwachstum zeigte der getestete Ohrreiniger einen positiven Einfluss auf die Dysbiose der Pilze und das Überwachstum der Malassezia spp.Abstract Background Erythemato‐ceruminous otitis externa (ECOE) is commonly associated with Malassezia spp. and microbial imbalance. Hypothesis/Objective To assess the clinical performance of an ear cleaner in dogs suffering from ECOE associated with Malassezia spp. overgrowth and to measure its impact on the microbiota. Animals Thirty privately owned dogs suffering from mild‐to‐moderate ECOE associated with Malassezia spp. overgrowth. Materials and Methods Pruritus score (PS), clinical score (0–3 Otitis Index Score [OTIS3]: based on secretions, erythema, hyperplasia and ulceration) and cytological score (CS) were assessed on Day (D)0, D7, and D14. Sterile ear swabs were used on D0 and D14 to perform fungal culture DNA extraction, and PCR amplification of the 18 ITS and 16S rRNA gene was carried out to evaluate the composition and changes of the otic microbiome. Ears were cleaned with a cerumenolytic ear cleanser daily, every other day, or twice a week depending on the secretion score. Results Fifty‐seven ears (30 dogs) completed the study. PS, OTIS‐3, and CS were significantly decreased at D7 and D14 (−45%, −43%, −60% and −77%, −66%, −76%, respectively; p < 0.0001 Wilcoxon test). Fungal culture was positive ( Malassezia spp. ) in only 34 ears at D0 and was negative in all ears at D14. Mycobiota composition was significantly different before and after treatment with an increase of fungal diversity (Shannon index; p < 0.003 Wilcoxon test) at D14 compared to D0. There was no change in bacterial composition. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance In case of ECOE associated with Malassezia spp. overgrowth, the use of the tested ear cleaner showed a positive impact on the fungal dysbiosis and Malassezia spp. overgrowth.RESUMEN Introducción La otitis externa eritematoceruminosa (ECOE) se asocia comúnmente con Malassezia spp . y desequilibrio microbiano. Hipótesis/Objetivo Evaluar el rendimiento clínico de un limpiador de oídos en perros con ECOE asociada a un sobrecrecimiento de Malassezia spp . y medir su impacto en la microbiota. Animales Treinta perros de propiedad privada con ECOE leve a moderada asociada a un sobrecrecimiento de Malassezia spp . Materiales y métodos Se evaluaron la puntuación de prurito (PS), la puntuación clínica (puntuación del índice de otitis [OTIS3] de 0 a 3 : basada en secreciones, eritema, hiperplasia y ulceración) y la puntuación citológica (CS) los días 0, 7 y 14. Se utilizaron hisopos óticos estériles los días D0 y D14 para extraer DNA del cultivo fúngico, y se realizó la amplificación por PCR de los genes 18 ITS y 16S rRNA para evaluar la composición y los cambios en el microbioma ótico. Los oídos se limpiaron con un limpiador cerumenolítico diariamente, cada dos días o dos veces por semana, según el nivel de secreción. Resultados Cincuenta y siete oídos (30 perros) completaron el estudio. PS, OTIS‐3 y CS disminuyeron significativamente los días D7 y D14 (–45 %, –43 %, –60 % y –77 %, –66 %, –76 %, respectivamente ; p < 0,0001 prueba de Wilcoxon). El cultivo fúngico fue positivo ( Malassezia spp .) solo en 34 oídos el día D0 y negativo en todos los oídos el día D14. La composición de la micobiota fue significativamente diferente antes y después del tratamiento, con un aumento de la diversidad fúngica (índice de Shannon ; p < 0,003 prueba de Wilcoxon) en el día 14 en comparación con el día 0. No se observaron cambios en la composición bacteriana. Conclusiones y relevancia clínica En el caso de ECOE asociada con sobrecrecimiento de Malassezia spp ., el uso del limpiador ótico evaluado mostró un impacto positivo en la disbiosis fúngica y el sobrecrecimiento de Malassezia spp .Résumé Contexte L'otite externe érythémato‐cérumineuse ( OEEC) est souvent associée à Malassezia spp. et à un déséquilibre microbien. Hypothèse/Objectif Evaluer la performance clinique d'un nettoyant auriculaire chez des chiens souffrant d'une OEEC associée à une prolifération de Malassezia spp. et mesurer son impact sur le microbiote. Animaux Trente chiens privés souffrant d'une OEEC légère à modérée associée à une prolifération de Malassezia spp. Matériels et méthodes Le score de prurit (PS), le score clinique (0‐3 Otitis Index Score [OTIS3] : basé sur les sécrétions, l'érythème, l'hyperplasie et l'ulcération) et le score cytologique (CS) ont été évalués à J0, J7 et J14. Des écouvillons stériles ont été utilisés à J0 et J14 pour extraire l'ADN des cultures fongiques, et l'amplification par PCR du gène 18 ITS et du gène de l'ARNr 16S a été réalisée pour évaluer la composition et les changements du microbiome otique. Les oreilles ont été nettoyées avec un nettoyant auriculaire céruminolytique tous les jours, tous les deux jours ou deux fois par semaine en fonction du score de sécrétion. Résultats Cinquante‐sept oreilles (30 chiens) ont participé à l'étude. Le PS, l'OTIS‐3 et le CS étaient significativement diminués à J7 et J14 (‐45%, ‐43%, ‐60% et ‐77%, ‐66%, ‐76%, respectivement ; p < 0,0001 test de Wilcoxon). La culture fongique était positive (Malassezia spp.) dans seulement 34 oreilles à J0 et était négative dans toutes les oreilles à J14. La composition du mycobiote était significativement différente avant et après le traitement, avec une augmentation de la diversité fongique (indice de Shannon ; p < 0,003 test de Wilcoxon) à J14 par rapport à J0. Il n'y a pas eu de changement dans la composition bactérienne. Conclusions et pertinence clinique En cas d'OEEC associé à une prolifération de Malassezia spp., l'utilisation du nettoyant auriculaire testé a eu un impact positif sur la dysbiose fongique et la prolifération de Malassezia spp.要約 背景 紅斑性耳垢性外耳道炎(ECOE)は一般的にマラセチア属と微生物の不均衡と関連している。 仮説/目的 本研究の目的は、マラセチア属真菌の過剰増殖に関連するECOEに罹患している犬におけるイヤークリーナーの臨床的性能を評価し、微生物叢への影響を測定することであった。 対象動物 マラセチア属真菌の過剰増殖を伴う軽度から中等度のECOEに罹患している30頭のオーナー所有犬。 材料と方法 掻痒スコア(PS)、臨床スコア(0‐3 Otitis Index Score [OTIS3]:分泌物、紅斑、過形成および潰瘍形成に基づく)および細胞学的スコア(CS)をDay(D)0、D7およびD14に評価した。D0およびD14に滅菌耳スワブを用いて真菌培養DNA抽出し、18ITSおよび16S rRNA遺伝子のPCR増幅を実施して、耳微生物叢の構成と変化を評価した。耳は分泌物スコアに応じて、毎日、隔日または週2回、耳垢溶解性イヤークリーナーで洗浄した。 結果 57の耳(30頭)が研究を完了した。PS、OTIS‐3およびCSは、D7およびD14で有意に減少した(それぞれ‐45%、‐43%、‐60%および‐77%、‐66%、‐76%；p<0.0001 Wilcoxon検定)。真菌培養はD0ではわずか34耳で陽性( Malassezia spp.)であったが、D14ではすべての耳で陰性であった。真菌叢の組成は治療前後で有意に異なり、D0と比較してD14では真菌の多様性(Shannon index; p < 0.003ウィルコクソン検定)が増加した。細菌組成に変化はなかった。 結論および臨床的妥当性 マラセチア属真菌の過剰増殖を伴うECOEの場合、試験したイヤークリーナーの使用は、真菌のディスバイオーシスおよびマラセチア属の過剰増殖に好影響を示した。Resumo Contexto A otite externa eritemato‐ceruminosa (OECE) é comumente associada à infecção por Malassezia spp. e ao desequilíbrio microbiano. Hipótese/Objetivo Avaliar o desempenho clínico de uma solução de limpeza auricular em cães com OECE associada ao supercrescimento de Malassezia spp. e mensurar seu impacto na microbiota. Animais Trinta cães de propriedade particular com OECE leve a moderada associada ao crescimento excessivo de Malassezia spp. Materiais e Métodos O escore de prurido (EP), o escore clínico (0‐3, Escore do Índice de Otite [OTIS3]: baseado em secreções, eritema, hiperplasia e ulceração) e o escore citológico (EC) foram avaliados no Dia (D)0, D7 e D14. Swabs auriculares estéreis foram utilizados no D0 e D14 para extração de DNA da cultura fúngica, e amplificação por PCR dos genes 18 ITS e 16S rRNA foi realizada para avaliar a composição e as alterações do microbioma ótico. As orelhas foram limpas com um limpador auricular ceruminolítico diariamente, em dias alternados ou duas vezes por semana, dependendo da do escore de secreção. Resultados Cinquenta e sete orelhas (30 cães) completaram o estudo. EP, OTIS‐3 e EC diminuíram significativamente nos dias 7 e 14 (–45%, –43%, –60% e –77%, –66%, –76%, respectivamente; p < 0,0001 no teste de Wilcoxon). A cultura fúngica foi positiva ( Malassezia spp.) em apenas 34 orelhas no dia 0 e negativa em todas as orelhas no dia 14. A composição da micobiota foi significativamente diferente antes e depois do tratamento, com aumento da diversidade fúngica (índice de Shannon; p < 0,003 no teste de Wilcoxon) no D14 em comparação ao D0. Não houve alteração na composição bacteriana. Conclusões e Relevância Clínica Em caso de OECE associada ao supercrescimento de Malassezia spp., o uso do limpador auricular testado demonstrou um impacto positivo na disbiose fúngica e no supercrescimento de Malassezia spp
La fable du « recyclage énergétique » des ordures ménagères : déchets plastiques, crise pétrolière et incinération dans les années 1970 et 1980 en France
No full textInternational audienceDuring the 1970s and 1980s, in the name of environmental conservation and the effort to save energy in the wake of the oil crisis, “thermal recycling” and “energy recycling,” more commonly referred to as the “energy recovery” of household and urban waste, was invented in France. These oxymoronic expressions hide the fact that the waste is incinerated, thereby rendering linear the life cycles of the natural elements from which they are made. From an ideological point of view, the expressions green a technique that was previously recognized as destructive. By identifying the industrial stakeholders and institutions that have promoted this expanding integration of waste, city, and energy, this article aims to challenge a contemporary truism, namely the virtuous nature of using urban waste to produce energy.Dans les années 1970 et 1980, au nom de la protection de l’environnement et de la recherche d’économies d’énergie générée par la crise pétrolière, on assiste à l’invention du « recyclage thermique » ou « énergétique », et plus communément de la « valorisation énergétique », des déchets ménagers et urbains. Ces expressions oxymoriques cachent en vérité leur incinération et donc la linéarisation des cycles des éléments naturels qui les constituent. Sur le plan idéel, elles permettent de verdir une technique reconnue jusque-là comme destructive. En partant à la recherche des acteurs industriels et des institutions qui ont promu une intégration croissante déchets-ville-énergie, cet article vise à dénaturaliser une évidence contemporaine : le caractère vertueux de l’utilisation des déchets urbains à fin de production énergétique
La TSD pour des situations d’apprentissage en informatique et à l’interface mathématiques-informatique
No full textInternational audienceNous discutons des apports de la TSD pour des ingénieries didactiques en informatique et à l’interface des mathématiques et de l’informatique. Nous nous appuyons pour cela sur trois recherches développées par des auteur.rices de cette communication : l’étude d’une machine qui apprend à gagner au jeu de Nim, l’étude d’un cryptosystème, et l’étude d’un jeu de recherche en algorithmique. Nous montrons l’intérêt et les apports de la TSD dans ce cadre, et les perspectives pour la didactique de l’informatique
Spatial variations in runoff, sediment, and nutrient losses induced by toposequence and biochar application in upland maize farming
No full textInternational audienceSoil erosion is a natural process that can be intensified by inappropriate land use and agricultural practices. Therefore, it is essential to gain a deeper understanding of the effects of agro-ecological practices, such as biochar application, on soil erosion processes in upland areas, particularly in Southeast Asia. Moreover, understanding the variations in erosion characteristics across a toposequence is vital for sustaining upland agriculture. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of toposequence position and biochar application on sediment loss, runoff, and nutrient losses under natural rainfall conditions in Nan Province, Thailand. We installed 24 plots of 1 m² each, located at four positions within the toposequence. The biochar was incorporated into the soil at 5 cm depth. Over two rainy seasons, we regularly measured sediment loss, runoff, and nutrient losses on plots with and without biochar along the four positions of the toposequence. Our findings indicated that the addition of biochar amendments to the topsoil effectively reduced nutrient loss through runoff, particularly nitrogen. This practice also improved vegetation cover, increased soil moisture, and decreased the presence of free elements such as micro- aggregates, gravels, and carbon nodules (biochar) on the soil surface. During the study, we observed the re-emergence of previously integrated biochar on the soil surface after eight months under natural conditions, which manifested as a crust on the soil surface. Positions within the toposequence had a significant impact on various soil properties, including the amount of sediment loss, runoff, and nutrient losses. Therefore, considering the influence of toposequence position is essential for enhancing soil management and implementing suitable agroecological practices
Promising properties of a novel low-cost negative electrode material Li 3 FeN 2 for Li ion batteries
No full textInternational audienceNitride materials offer a promising chemistry for alternative anode materials in Li-ion batteries, yet limited efforts have been made in this field. This work investigates the electrochemical activity of Fe 3+ /Fe 4+ redox couple in the lithiated iron nitride Li 3 FeN 2 , positioning Li 3 FeN 2 as a new high-capacity and low-cost anode for Li-ion batteries. The best synthesis conditions have been developed at 750°C under nitrogen flow and mastering the particle size of iron precursor around 1 µm has been revealed as the key point. Orthorhombic shaped Li 3 FeN 2 crystals with 5-10 μm length, 2 μm width are obtained. Despite a complex delithiation-lithiation process involving four phases, Li 3 FeN 2 demonstrates an attractive initial discharge capacity of 250 mAh g⁻ ¹ near 1.2 V at C/10 within the 1.6 V-0.9 V range. The capacity retention limited to 83-87% over 80 cycles depending on the C rate, has been improved to 89-97% when the upper cutoff voltage is lowered from 1.6 V to 1.5 V. The cycling properties of Li 3 FeN 2 are discussed in terms of rate capability, cycling limits and ageing time in the charged state. With a stable capacity of 180 mAh g -1 , 140 mAh g⁻ ¹ and 110 mAh g⁻ ¹ at C/10, C/2 and 1C, respectively, available at 1.2 V, Li 3 FeN 2 could compete the benchmark Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 anode operating 300 mV higher than Li 3 FeN 2 . Further research is required to understand and solve the capacity loss observed during the first two cycles and to take into account the possible Fe 4+ instability