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Quelles pratiques pour un laboratoire de biologie médicale écoresponsable en 2025 ?
No full textInternational audienceIn the face of climate emergency, medical biology laboratories (MBLs) must reconcile diagnostic performance, innovation, and environmental sustainability. Playing a crucial role in patient diagnosis and follow-up, MBLs have a significant ecological footprint due to their high energy consumption, extensive use of plastics, and substantial waste production, including hazardous materials classified as carcinogenic, mutagenic, repro-toxic, or radioactive.While maintaining their essential contribution to healthcare and improving patient outcomes, this article provides an overview of concrete strategies and perspectives for reducing the environmental impact of MBLs. Through practical examples and evidence-based recommendations, we aim to raise awareness among medical biologists and equip them with the necessary tools to integrate ecological transition into their daily practices.Face à l'urgence climatique, les laboratoires de biologie médicale (LBM) sont confrontés à la nécessité de réconcilier performance diagnostique, innovation et durabilité environnementale. Les LBM, qui jouent un rôle crucial dans le diagnostic et le suivi des patients, génèrent une empreinte écologique significative due à leur consommation énergétique, à l'utilisation massive de plastiques et à la production importante de déchets dont certains sont classés cancérogènes, mutagenes, reprotoxiques et radioactifs.Toujours avec l'objectif de continuer à participer à l'activité de soins et d'améliorer la qualité de soins des patients, cet article propose un état des lieux des stratégies concrètes et perspectives de réduction de l'empreinte écologique des LBM. À travers des exemples pratiques et des recommandations fondées, nous visons à sensibiliser les biologistes médicaux et à les outiller pour engager une transition écologique dans leurs pratiques quotidiennes
Does Replacing the Experimenter with an Ignorant Student Robot Improve the Success of Children with ASD in the False Belief Task?
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A Foucauldian Perspective on Strategic Practice: Strategy as the Art of (Un)folding
No full textInternational audienceStrategic management defines itself as the art, or science, of governing an organization with the aim of implementing intentions. In this way, strategic management presents itself as an exercise of will that includes the capacity to influence, to fold or have folded, the actions of other organizational members1 and the strategist is seen as someone deliberate, competent, and sometimes all powerful (Allard-Poesi 2006). Drawing on Foucault's work, some researchers distance themselves from this powerful, almost heroic concept of the strategic practitioner to develop a critical analysis of strategy (for example, Dick and Collins, 2014; Ezzamel and Willmott 2008; 2010; Laine and Vaara 2007; Laine et al., 2016; McCabe 2010; Mantere and Vaara 2008; Whittington, 2018). They mostly rely on Knights and Morgan's (1991; 1995) seminal work and define strategy as a discourse – that is ‘a set of ideas and practices which condition our ways of relating to, and acting upon, particular phenomenon’ (Knights and Morgan 1991: 253). In this perspective, strategy is understood as what Foucault (1991: 61) calls a ‘discursive formation’, or ‘body of knowledge’ (savoir: Foucault 1969) – that is, a ‘limited practical domain…which [has] [its] boundaries, [its] rules of formation, [its] conditions of existence’, and that defines ‘what is actually said’ (Foucault 1969: 63). Researchers working from this perspective will therefore focus their attention on the performativity of strategic discourse, its power effects on the subjectivity of organisational members, on their relationships, and on the decisions and actions taken (see Samra-Fredericks, 2005; Allard-Poesi and Cabantous, 2021).However, Foucault (1969; 1991) insists that a discursive formation is not exclusively defined by the ‘things said’. Discourse forms knowledge, or savoir, to the extent that it is governed by specific rules of statements, and because it is related to what he calls ‘extra-discursive formations’. These designate the material conditions that make a specific discursive formation possible, in particular ‘the criteria used to designate those who received by law the right to hold a [medical] discourse’ (that is, who has the right to talk about strategy?), the ‘scale of observation’, which helps designate the object of discourse (that is, where and how does one look?) and the ‘mode of recording, preserving, accumulating, diffusing and teaching… discourse’ (Foucault 1991: 67). In this perspective, strategy, as a body of knowledge, cannot be reduced to its discursive expression (that is, the things said). It is a specific assemblage (or diagram: Foucault 1969) between ‘seeing and saying’ (Lilley 2001), between what Deleuze (1988: 49) calls ‘the visible and the articulable’, so that the ‘things said’ at a given time point depend both on the particular rules of statements of the time and the material conditions that make certain things able ‘to come to our attention’ (Lilley 2001: 71).Following this concept of strategy as a savoir, three lines of analysis, which constitute the three sections of the chapter, can be developed. First, strategy may be viewed as embodied in a set of discursive and material social practices that actualize and reproduce its discourses, constituting in this way a ‘power-knowledge’ system. Using Foucault's genealogy as analytical framework (Foucault 2001b [1978]; see also Foucault 1975; 1976), the first section of this chapter (‘genealogical practices’) outlines the historical, contextual and accidental character of strategic discourses.Second, strategy may be seen as a discursive formation governed by a set of rules of statements that managers have to follow if they want to act as strategists. In the second section of the chapter (‘strategic practices as a body of knowledge’), we show that following Foucault's archeological analysis (see Foucault 1969; 1971), the task of the researcher is to uncover these rules and appreciate their ‘power-effect’ in the organization.Finally, following Foucault's last works on the techniques of selves (Foucault 2001c [1983]; 2001f [1988]) and the history of sexuality (Foucault 1984a; 1984b), some researchers consider that strategic practices frame, if not inscribe, the subjectivity of the managers, who, in this way, become ‘strategists’. In my view, however, strategic practices cannot be considered as techniques of selves, as they do not imply work on oneself in order to create a specific subjectivity but, rather, involve the strategist's elaboration of a project. In this sense, strategic management is similar to a monitoring technique in which the strategist is led to ‘unfold’ himself (Deleuze 1988: 110): to reveal one's intentions, say what is hidden and ‘objectify’ one's subjectivity in order to enter into the relationships of knowledge and power. This is the subject of the third section (‘The strategist ‘unfolded’: Say what you want’).In summary, the critical approach developed in this chapter distances itself from the idea of adaptability (which is prevalent in the current strategy-as-practice approach) by emphasizing the inscriptions that strategic practices leave on the practitioners and their behaviour. Strategic practices are seen more as techniques of control at a distance through which strategists are led to reveal their intentions. In this vein, this perspective underlines the linkage of strategic practices to the dispositives that allow 'to conduct the conduct' of individuals and populations in a society. The connection made here between the Foucauldian perspective and the approach(es) to strategy as practice reveals a contrasting conception of strategy, strategists and their volition, thus paving the way for new areas of research
Rev-erb-α antagonism in alveolar macrophages protects against pneumococcal infection in elderly mice
No full textInternational audienceCircadian rhythms control the diurnal nature of many physiological, metabolic, and immune processes. We hypothesized that age-related impairments in circadian rhythms are associated with high susceptibility to bacterial respiratory tract infections. Our data show that the time-of-day difference in the control of Streptococcus pneumoniae infection is altered in elderly mice. A lung circadian transcriptome analysis revealed that aging alters the daily oscillations in the expression of a specific set of genes and that some pathways that are rhythmic in young-adult mice are non-rhythmic or time shifted in elderly mice. In particular, the circadian expression of the clock component Rev-erb-α and apelin/apelin receptor was altered in elderly mice. In young-adult mice, we discovered an interaction between Rev-erb-α and the apelinergic axis that controls host defenses against S. pneumoniae via alveolar macrophages. Pharmacological repression of Rev-erb-α in elderly mice resulted in greater resistance to pneumococcal infection. These data suggest the causative role of age-associated impairments in circadian rhythms on respiratory infections and have clinical relevance
Assessing the morphological alteration of river reaches from 15 years of measurements: French hydromorphological database and indicators (Carhyce)
No full textInternational audienceTo improve fresh water ecological quality, river managers have to assess the geomorphological functioning of the river system and sometimes restore it. Despite noticeable efforts made in recent years by the geomorphological community, hydro-morphological assessment methods and tools are still called for and needed. In France, river managers may rely on the Carhyce catalogue built by the French Biodiversity Agency and its partners over 15 years. This is a unique database allowing the characterization of the hydromorphology of French rivers. It is based on a standardized field protocol that entails a survey of the bankfull geometry of a reach 14 times the length of the river width. To date, >2500 river reaches of all type of rivers present on the French territory have been surveyed and the related data are freely available via a web interface, where they have been formatted and presented in the form of tables, graphs, sketches and indices. In addition, a morphological index has been produced to help identify and measure potential alterations of the physical functioning of the reaches. To do so >500 reaches have been identified as references to build reach average hydraulic geometry relationships. Those reference models allow the morphological deviation from the regional reference situation to be determined. This paper presents the Carhyce catalogue and the Global Morphological Index (GMI), as well as several examples of how it may be used. The limits and benefits of the Carhyce data are discussed and the GMI is compared to a welluse index of morphological quality.</div
Synthesis, structural, optical and magnetic characterizations of SrTb1−xNixO3 nano particules for x = 0.25 and x = 0.5. Application: optoelectronics devices
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Deciphering chemoreceptor function in crop pests: evolutionary and omics approaches
No full textThis HDR report is a synthesis of my research work focusing mainly on the evolution of genes and proteins related to chemosensory processes (olfaction and tasting) and reproduction in various species, mainly insect pests. The main goal is to understand how these organisms perceive and interpret chemical signals from their environment, with a particular interest in the evolutionary adaptation mechanisms that allow insects to adjust to new environments or hosts, such as crop plants.My research focuses on olfactory and taste receptors, which allow insects to detect signals that are important for foraging, reproduction and survival. I use comparative genomics, evolutionary analysis, and molecular biology approaches to explore how these receptors diversify and evolve in response to environmental constraints. The report covers major projects, such as the identification and analysis of olfactory receptors in Spodoptera littoralis, a crop pest, as well as studies on how certain olfactory genes, in particular some pheromone receptors, evolve and diversify after gene duplications.This work provides new insights into the evolution of chemosensory receptors in particular, and multigene families in general. In addition, the results obtained have implications for the control of agricultural pests by identifying potential targets for biocontrol methods based on the interruption of insect chemical signals
Et si la labellisation venait au secours des appareils reconditionnés ! Impact du label RECQ sur la réticence à l'achat de smartphones reconditionnés
No full textInternational audienceIn a context of growing awareness and sensitivity to environmental causes, this research focuses on reconditioning as a means of tackling programmed obsolescence. It explores the impact of the RECQ “Reconditionnement de Qualité” label and price reductions on the intention to purchase reconditioned smartphones. Through an experiment involving 198 participants across six conditions, the findings show that the RECQ label significantly lowers perceived risk, boosting consumer trust and purchase intention. These results provide valuable insights for encouraging the adoption of refurbished smartphones and advancing circular and more environmentally responsible consumption practices.Dans un contexte de prise de conscience et de sensibilité à la cause environnementale, cette recherche s’intéresse au reconditionnement comme moyen de lutte contre l’obsolescence programmée. Elle explore l'impact du label RECQ « Reconditionnement de Qualité » et des réductions de prix sur l’intention d’achat de smartphones reconditionnés. Basée sur une expérimentation auprès de 198 participants répartis en six conditions, l’analyse révèle que le label RECQ réduit significativement le risque perçu, augmentant ainsi la confiance et l’intention d’achat. Cette recherche enrichit ainsi la littérature et offre des pistes pour renforcer l’attrait des smartphones reconditionnés et promouvoir une consommation circulaire durable
On the weak invariance principle for random fields with commuting filtrations under L1-projective criteria
No full textWe consider a field foT_1^{i_1} o ... foT_k^{i_k} where T_1 , . . . , T_d are commuting transformations, one of them at least being ergodic. Considering the case of commuting filtrations, we are interested by giving sufficient L1-projective conditions ensuring that the normalized partial sums indexed by quadrants converge in distribution to a normal random variable. We also give sufficient conditions ensuring the weak invariance principle for the partial sums process. For the central limit theorem (CLT), the proof combines a truncated orthomartingale approximation with the CLT for orthomartingales due to Volný. For the functional form, a new maximal inequality is needed and is obtained via truncation techniques, blocking arguments and orthomartingale approximations. The case of completely commuting transformations in the sense of Gordin can be handled in a similar way. Application to bounded Lipschitz functions of linear fields whose innovations have moments of a logarithmic order will be provided, as well as an application to completely commuting endomorphisms of the m-torus. In the latter case, the conditions can be expressed in terms of the L1-modulus of continuity of f
