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Land Policy in France: Tensions Between National Policies and Local Practice
No full textInternational audienceThe case of Bouleurs, a suburban municipality in the Paris region, provides insights into the institutional context of land policies in France. It highlights the tensions between national and local authorities when applying urban development instruments, especially within the context of no-net-land take goals. Through this case, the interaction between national land policy goals and the range of instruments used at the local level are examined. The implementation of these policies in a small municipality underscores the importance of the local context, while also revealing broader challenges in planning and managing land development. Tensions arise between the relatively high degree of flexibility afforded to local authorities in applying land policy instruments and the overarching national land policy goals as well as between the diverging interests of public actors and private landowners
Compréhension des mécanismes de dégradation des micropolluants pharmaceutiques dans les eaux résiduaires urbaines par l'acide performique : Apport de la résonance paramagnétique électronique
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Penser l’inclusion des familles et des enfants dans les parcours de formation. Le cas d’un atelier « parentalité & numérique » dans une Cité Éducative du 95
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Apport de l'imagerie cérébrale pour comprendre les déficits linguistiques
No full textInternational audiencePsycholinguistics and neurolinguistics are two complementary disciplines that study language from different perspectives. Psycholinguistics focuses on the cognitive processes involved in language production and comprehension, while neurolinguistics investigates the brain bases of these mechanisms. Brain imaging techniques make it possible to identify the regions and networks involved in various psycholinguistic processes, and to better understand the effects of brain lesions on language abilities. By integrating psycholinguistic and neurolinguistic approaches, research provides a deeper understanding of language processing, whether intact or impaired. This knowledge paves the way for more targeted and effective rehabilitation strategies.La psycholinguistique et la neurolinguistique sont deux disciplines complémentaires qui étudient le langage sous des angles différents. La psycholinguistique s'intéresse aux processus cognitifs impliqués dans la production et la compréhension du langage, tandis que la neurolinguistique examine les bases cérébrales de ces mécanismes. Les techniques d'imagerie cérébrale permettent d'identifier les régions et réseaux impliqués dans les différents processus psycholinguistiques, et de mieux comprendre les effets de lésions cérébrales sur les capacités linguistiques. En intégrant les approches psycholinguistiques et neurolinguistiques, la recherche permet de mieux comprendre le traitement du langage, qu'il soit intact ou altéré. Ses connaissances ouvrent ainsi la voie à des stratégies de rééducation plus ciblées et efficaces.</div
3D-HEVC Fast CCL Intra Partitioning Algorithm For Low Bitrate Applications
No full textInternational audienceThree-Dimensional High-Efficiency Video Coding (3D-HEVC) has transformed the transmission and storage of stereoscopic and multi-view video content by efficiently encoding texture and depth information. Depth map coding is essential for synthesised views which create the 3D effect. However faces challenges in meeting the growing demand for low-bitrate encoding with faster processing times in applications like cloud streaming,low-latency broadcasting and 3D video editing software. The Coding Tree Unit (CTU) partitioning, crucial for coding efficiency, is particularly impactful for depth maps due to their sharp edges and large homogeneous regions. To address this problem, we propose a Connected Component Labeling (CCL) approach to optimise CTU partitioning for depth map coding in intra-prediction for QP pairs QP 35-42 and 40-45. By leveraging the structural properties of depth maps, CCL enables precise partitioning, thus reducing unnecessary computations and improving compression efficiency. Our method targets applications requiring efficient and fast low-bitrate encoding. Experimental results show a great reduction in encoding time with 70.64% while slightly increasing bitrate by 0.08% and managing minimal quality degradation
Evaluating the impact of different agropastoral practices on wind erosion in western Sahel
No full textInternational audienceIn the Sahel, nutrient-poor sandy soils are vulnerable to wind-driven erosion and can be further degraded if left unprotected. As more than 60 % of the Sahelian population depends on rainfed agriculture, land degradation is a primary concern. In the last 60 years, climatic and socio-economic factors have thoroughly modified the Sahelian cropping systems. Understanding the interaction between land uses, agropastoral practices and wind erosion is crucial.This study aims to estimate the effect of the main types of land uses and management that occurred in the Senegalese groundnut basin in the last decades on potential wind erosion of soil at the field scale. In-situ measurements of meteorological data, vegetation and horizontal fluxes of aeolian sediments were monitored on the land uses of a typical Sahelian landscape (groundnut plot, four fallows, four millet plots), each with contrasting and representative land managements, creating an unprecedented dataset in this region. We developed a modeling approach combining vegetation models with a horizontal flux model, calibrated on the gathered data. This modeling approach was able to reproduce existing measurements and is intended eventually to upscale fluxes of aeolian sediment at the landscape to regional scales.Measurements of horizontal fluxes of aeolian sediments ranged from 538.7 kg.m -1 .year -1 on bare soil to almost no flux on fallows. Simulations accurately represent the dynamics and order of magnitudes of erosive events despite having a strong sensibility to the aerodynamic roughness length of the soil surface. The comprehensive simulation of the impact of groundnut, millet (with and without residues) and fallows on potential wind erosion highlights the impact of dry vegetation cover, especially weeds, after the rainy season
La contractualisation financière entre l’État et les collectivités locales : la controverse des deux dépenses publique
No full textInternational audienceFollowing the scholarship on austeritarian public finances, this article focuses on one of the latest instruments governing fiscal and financial relations between the State and local authorities in France, called the “Cahors contracts”. This tool, introduced in 2017 (and then suspended at the start of the pandemic in 2020), aims to limit the growth of operating expenditures through a contract signed between the State and some local authorities. While tracing the conception of this instrument within the central government and its negotiation with—and contestation by—local government associations, the article produces two main findings. First, it highlights the concrete ways in which a budget consolidation order is implemented and maintained across different levels of government, from the European Union to local authorities and central administrations. Second, it underlines how the controversies surrounding the instrument—its binding and a-territorial nature, the type of targeted expenditures—stem from the gap between two different conventions of public spending, opposing the State as guarantor of the consolidation order and local authoritiesDans la lignée des travaux sur l'austérité dans les finances publiques, cet article porte sur l'un des derniers instruments organisant les relations fiscalo-financières entre l'État et les collectivités locales en France : la contractualisation financière. Ce dispositif introduit en 2017 (puis suspendu au début de la pandémie en 2020) vise à limiter la progression des dépenses de fonctionnement par un contrat signé entre l'État et certaines collectivités. En retraçant l'élaboration de cet instrument au sein de l'État central et dans ses relations avec les associations de collectivités locales, l'article produit deux résultats principaux. Il contribue d'abord à mettre en évidence les modalités concrètes par lesquelles un ordre de consolidation budgétaire se déploie et se maintient entre différentes échelles d'action publique, de l'Union Européenne aux collectivités en passant par les administrations centrales. Il montre ensuite que les controverses autour du caractère contraignant et a-territorialisé de cet instrument et de la nature des dépenses contractualisées résultent du décalage entre deux conventions différentes de la dépense publique, opposant l'État garant de l'ordre de consolidation et les collectivités locales
Linking Crop Diversification to Soil Microbial Decomposition and Organic Carbon Storage -Synthesis of the Pan-European Ejp Soil Project Energylink
No full textInternational audienceCrop diversification is regarded as a promising agricultural practice for enhancing soil organic carbon (SOC) storage, and it is actively promoted by the EU Common Agricultural Policy. It remains, however, unclear through which mechanisms diversified cropping systems influence SOC accumulation. The EJP Soil EnergyLink project aimed to elucidate the relationship between crop diversification and SOC stabilization across a pan-European pedo-climatic gradient. Specifically, we investigated whether increased above-ground crop diversity influences microbial compositional and functional diversity, carbon use efficiency (CUE), and necromass formation as well as organic matter stocks, stoichiometry, and chemical diversity. This research was driven by the notion that microbial-derived SOC constitutes a significant fraction of stabilized SOC, particularly through the so called in-vivo pathway of SOC stabilization. We hypothesized that greater crop diversity would enhance microbial diversity and CUE, leading to greater SOC stabilisation.To test this hypothesis, we collected soil samples from eight field sites across Northern to Southern Europe: Sweden, Lithuania, Netherlands, Czech Republic, Austria, France, Slovenia, and Spain. The diversification strategies included cover cropping, ley farming, and the integration of vegetation strips into perennial cropping systems, representing common European agricultural practices. Contrary to our initial hypothesis, our findings revealed that crop diversification had no consistent impact on SOC storage, molecular diversity of organic matter, or microbial CUE in bulk soils. Additionally, increased plant diversity did not translate into greater microbial compositional or functional diversity. However, we observed that the introduction of vegetation strips in perennial cropping systems lead to increased SOC, molecular diversity, and fungal richness. Interestingly, these changes did not affect microbial CUE, as microbial growth and respiration increased proportionally. Our results suggest that in perennial cropping systems, SOC accumulation is driven by the quantity of organic matter inputs, the acceleration of microbial turnover, and the contribution of necromass to SOC. Furthermore, while our data did not indicate broad-scale shifts in microbial pathways of SOC stabilization, changes in microbial parameters and necromass contribution to SOC point to the importance of the in vivo pathway. This suggests that microbial growth, biomass, and turnover-rather than microbial CUE-may be the primary drivers of microbial-derived SOC stabilization. Future research should further explore these mechanisms to refine our understanding of SOC dynamics in diversified cropping systems.</p