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Spatial associations between household and community livelihood capitals in rural territories: an example from the Mahanadi Delta, India
No full textInternational audienceDespite the increasing interest of the Sustainable Livelihood Framework in the field of international development and in academia and the recent call for the use of mixed-methods approach, there has been little analysis that brings together qualitative and quantitative methods over a large geographical extent. Based on findings from participatory rural appraisals during which participants identified the key assets needed to achieve their livelihoods, this paper argues that common-pool resources (community capitals) should be differentiated from private goods (household capitals) as they operate under different dynamics of decision-making and management. We then create quantitative indicators that can be mapped across a large geographical extent by using data derived from national census and satellite sensors. Spatial patterns and differentials in access to livelihood capitals across the case study are examined and the associations that exist between household capitals, between community capitals, and between both are quantified. The results demonstrate that household physical capital is positively associated with household financial and social capitals but negatively associated with household natural capital, supporting the hypothesis that households trade their natural assets to cope with shocks. It is also shown that proximity to main axes of communication increases access to village amenities but decreases access to natural resources, while remoteness increases household human capital but decreases household physical and financial capitals. Such a cross-scale study adds to the understanding of the question of scale regarding rural livelihoods and community development, which could act as a bridge between the implementation of policy programmes (often targeted at the community level) and their expected outcomes (often targeted at the household level)
Rapport de synthèse sur l’agriculture au Maroc
No full textRapport de synthèse. Initiative ENPARD Méditerranée (Commission Européenne
Price volatility and agricultural policies / Céréales françaises : stratégie à l'export
No full textInternational audienc
System dynamics of sustainable rice agriculture on the Mekong river delta
No full textAbstract of the posterInternational audienceLarge river deltas across the globe are under increasing economic and environmental pressure due to overpopulation, climate change, and rising sea levels. River catchment sediments and associated discharge feed delta systems providing nutrients that not only enable higher yields in rice production but also the potential for flooding. Indeed, rice production on the Mekong River Delta (MRD) plays a main role in achieving food security for Vietnam, and provides significant export income for the Vietnamese economy (1.16% of GDP in 2018). To sustain high levels of rice production, the Vietnamese government has invested in a system of canals, flood dykes and sluice gates to control flooding of rice paddies and thereby extend the number of growing seasons from two to three rice harvests per year. However, these flood control measures have an unintended consequence in that, rather than allowing paddies to fallow, the exclusion of water and sediments from rice compartments means that soil nutrients become depleted and thus require artificial fertilizers to maintain yields. Furthermore, maintaining high levels of rice production is increasingly difficult as a result of climate change altering flood cycles, upstream hydro dam emplacement reducing sediment supply, and salinity intrusion shrinking available crop areas. In the face of these pressures MRD policy makers are facing pressing decisions in the delta and need to navigate the complexities of deltaic systems and identify optimal and sustainable land use management practices. In this work we present the outcome of the application of an integrated Systems Dynamic Model (SDM) which emulates the distribution of biophysical components for water, suspended sediment, and nutrients over the delta, delivering a calibrated amount to each flood compartment. Biophysical components were calibrated using water quality routing model INCA (Integrated Catchment model), and the engineering hydraulics model MIKE 11 (with the ECO lab module). Spatial elements of the delta, such as soil type and land systems, are coupled to the SDM through a geographic information system (GIS). Model outputs of recent events provide a baseline to develop and test the SDM. Here we show the results of the use of the (SDM) to integrate floods, nutrient supply, environmental/climate change and crop yields to facilitate stakeholders in the production of plausible normative spatially explicit scenarios of the agricultural intensification of the delta, centring on how intensification will occur and who will benefit. We use the SDM to explore scenarios covering the intensification range from local cooperatives that already exist to internationally funded agro-business. The question of livelihoods and community benefits is addressed in the normative outcomes as well as in the potential alignment and deviation form stated policy aims of the Government of Vietnam on the Mekong Delta
China-to-UK student migration and pro-environmental behaviour change: a social practice perspective
No full textInternational audienceSignificant life-course changes can be ‘windows of opportunity’ to disrupt practices. Using qualitative focus group data, this article examines whether the life-course change experienced by Chinese students migrating to the UK has an effect on environmentally impactful practices. It does so by examining how such practices are understood and performed by Chinese and UK students living in their own countries, and contrasting them with those of Chinese students in the UK. Using a social practice framework, these findings suggest that practices do change, and this change can be conceptualised using a framework of competences, materials, and meanings. The findings show meanings – the cultural and social norms ascribed to pro-environmental behaviour – to be particularly susceptible to the influence of ‘communities of practice’ where immigrants and natives mix, with pro-environmental behaviour change resulting from assimilation and mimesis rather than normative engagement
Sentinel-1 data for winter wheat phenology monitoring and mapping
No full text[Notes_IRSTEA]Art. 2228 [Departement_IRSTEA]Territoires [TR1_IRSTEA]SYNERGIE [ADD1_IRSTEA]Dynamiques spatiales d'anthropisationInternational audienceThe ability of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Sentinel-1 data to detect the main wheat phenological phases was investigated in the Bekaa plain of Lebanon. Accordingly, the temporal variation of Sentinel-1 (S1) signal was analyzed as a function of the phenological phases' dates observed in situ (germination; heading and soft dough), and harvesting. Results showed that S1 data, unlike the Normalized Di_erence Vegetation Index (NDVI) data, were able to estimate the dates of theses phenological phases due to significant variations in S1 temporal series at the dates of germination, heading, soft dough, and harvesting. Particularly, the ratio VV/VH at low incidence angle (32-34°) was able to detect the germination and harvesting dates. VV polarization at low incidence angle (32-34°) was able to detect the heading phase, while VH polarization at high incidence angle (43-45°) was better than that at low incidence angle (32-34°), in detecting the soft dough phase. An automated approach for main wheat phenological phases' determination was then developed on the western part of the Bekaa plain. This approach modelled the S1 SAR temporal series by smoothing and fitting the temporal series with Gaussian functions (up to three Gaussians) allowing thus to automatically detect the main wheat phenological phases from the sum of these Gaussians. To test its robustness, the automated method was applied on the northern part of the Bekaa plain, in which winter wheat is harvested usually earlier because of the different weather conditions. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of the estimation of the phenological phases' dates was 2.9 days for germination, 5.5 days for heading, 5.1 days soft dough, 3.0 days forWest Bekaa's harvesting, and 4.5 days for North Bekaa's harvesting. In addition, a slight underestimation was observed for germination and heading ofWest Bekaa (-0.2 and -1.1 days, respectively) while an overestimation was observed for soft dough of West Bekaa and harvesting for both West and North Bekaa (3.1, 0.6, and 3.6 days, respectively). These results are encouraging, and thus prove that S1 data are powerful as a tool for crop monitoring, to serve enhanced crop management and production handling
Rural development and migration: an environmental dimension
No full textChapter 5International audienceIn the Mediterranean, migrations have experienced a rapid change in (huge influx) flows, forms (undocumented migration), profiles of migrants (men, women, children), destinations and new routes and networks used (South-North, South-South). Current migrations are no longer exclusively migrations of rural populations and farmers whose relations to rural development are essentially addressed through the issue of migrant remittances to villages or rural communities. In this chapter, authors try to better comprehend the complex interactions between natural resource degradation, climate change and migration in the southern and eastern Mediterranean regions. “Forced” migration linked to natural disasters and more specifically, to the process of degradation of natural resources (land, agricultural water) and climate change, has taken on new dimensions that are important to understand and analyse
ESSIMAGE: a tool for the assessment of the agroecological performance of agricultural production systems
No full textInternational audienceOver the last few years, intensive agriculture has often been denounced as a source of negative effects, particularly at the environmental and health level (overexploitation of natural resources, degradation of their quality, appearance and development of several diseases, etc.). Reducing the excessive use of agricultural inputs for the protection of the environment and the preservation of human and animal health is a social requirement nowadays. Investing in more sustainable agricultural models which make it possible to reduce, or even eliminate the risks, has become urgent. A possible solution may be to resort to agroecological systems. In order to be sustainable, these new systems must be performant at the agronomic, economic, social, and environmental levels. There is a multitude of tools for assessing the sustainability of agricultural systems. These tools are inappropriate for organic and agroecological systems, and do not make it possible to measure the agroecological transition performance of farms (Trabelsi et al. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:139–156, 2016; Trabelsi 2017). This research project aims to design a decision support tool in order to help farms throughout the agroecological transition process, to assess the performance of this transition, and to put forward improvement scenarios. Contrary to other assessment methods, ESSIMAGE (Evaluation and Simulation of Agroecological Systems) is based on both pressure and impact indicators, and takes the specificities of agricultural production systems into account. It is a dynamic tool which not only makes it possible to assess farm performance at the present moment but also to consider the future by putting forward possible alternative improvement scenarios and by simulating their consequences at a later stage. ESSIMAGE is based on the interaction of two elements: agro-environmental, social, and economic indicators, and the GIS (Geographic Information System) software. This tool has been tested as part of a CASDAR “Post-MAET Gimone” (agriculture.gouv.fr/ministere/mobilisation-collective-pour-lagroecologie.) project on the subject of “Collective mobilization for agroecology” by using farm data, most of the farms having been involved in an agro-environmental measure for the progressive reduction of phytosanitary treatments since 2008. It has made it possible to compare the agroecological performances of these farms with an optimal situation, as well as with each other. Considering the research objectives and the approaches discussed, this study is an original step in the development of agricultural management strategies in favor of agroecology
Synthesis report on egyptian agriculture
No full textSynthesis report. ENPARD South initiative (European Commission
MED-Amin: qualitative estimation of the 2019 wheat and barley production - june 2019
No full textCrop forecasting exercise in the MED-Amin networkInternational audienceThe MED-Amin network countries participated for the third consecutive year in a crop forecasting exercise for cereal crops (soft wheat, durum wheat and barley) which consisted in comparing agrometeorological indicators of terrestrial observation provided by the MED-Amin Secretariat and the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission (JRC) to field observations in each of the 13 participating countries. The methodology applied in 2019 is based on the identification of zones (and their corresponding administrative units) for which positive or negative anomalies can be highlighted on the base of agrometeorological and remote sensing indicators. This phase was carried out at mid-April, with an update mid-May. For each of these two phases, the MED-Amin National Focal Points qualitatively assessed the yield prospects of these target areas through a feedback from field experts. The preliminary establishment of sub-national statistical references makes it possible to visualize the potential impact of the identified hot-spots on each country