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Analyse typologique et performance productive de la culture du blé dur irrigué en Tunisie
No full textInternational audienceEn Tunisie, la culture de blé dur en irrigué est pratiquée sur une superficie moyenne annuelle de 48 700 ha, soit environ les deux tiers des superficies céréalières conduites en irrigué. Elle produit en moyenne 180 000 t, soit 20 % de la production nationale de blé dur. Cependant, les rendements réalisés restent toujours en dessous des attentes avec une faible productivité, particulièrement celle de la ressource en eau. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif de ce travail est d’élaborer un diagnostic opérationnel de fonctionnement des exploitations céréalières irriguées et de mettre en exergue les principaux leviers d’amélioration des performances de la culture du blé dur. Pour ce faire, des enquêtes de terrain ont été menées auprès d’un échantillon de 698 céréaliculteurs. Les données recueillies ont permis d’élaborer une typologie de fonctionnement et d’analyser les performances de la culture du blé dur. Trois systèmes de production types ont été identifiés : un système monocultural basé sur la culture du blé dur, un système diversifié à orientation céréalière et un système diversifié à orientation maraîchère. L’analyse des performances a révélé une disparité nette entre deux niveaux de performance distincts pour chaque système de production. In Tunisia, irrigated durum wheat is grown on an average annual area of 48 700 ha, which represents two-thirds of the irrigated cereal area. It produces an average of 180 000 t, or 20% of national durum wheat production. However, the yields achieved are still below expectations with low productivity, particularly of water resources. In this context, this work aims to draw up an operational diagnosis of the irrigated cereal farms and to highlight the main levers for improving the performance of the durum wheat crop. To this end, field surveys were conducted with a sample of 698 grain farmers. The data collected made it possible to develop a typology of farming systems and to analyze the performance of the durum wheat cultivation activity. Three types of farming systems were identified: A monocultural system based on durum wheat cropping, a diversified cereal-oriented system and a diversified horticulture-oriented system. Performance analysis revealed a clear disparity between two distinct performance levels for each farming system
Évaluation des risques liés à l’utilisation de pesticides en culture cotonnière au Mali
No full textInternational audienceIn Mali, pesticides used on cotton crops are a real public health and environmental problem. This study presents an analysis of potential risks corresponding to the “dangerousness” of active ingredient present in these pesticides for cotton. We identified 174 pesticides registered by the Sahel Pesticides Committee (CILSS-CSP) for cotton, including 106 insecticides and fungicides and 68 herbicides. They are formulated from 50 active ingredients; 10 are banned in Europe and are found in 35 registered products (20% of available products). For each active ingredient present in these pesticides, a Health Risk Index was calculated for the health of users. This indicator takes into account the acute and chronic toxicities of the different active ingredient. The results of our work show that, for herbicides, pendimethalin has the highest Health Risk Index; for insecticides, it is bifenthrin . We have also identified an indicator of soil, surface water and groundwater contamination by these active ingredients. The results show that an active ingredient could have a significant risk for health and have a high level of toxicity to the environment or have a low impact on health but have a high risk for the environment. Rising awareness among stakeholders about the risks of pesticides would reduce their impact on human health and environment.Au Mali, l’usage des pesticides sur la culture de coton constitue un réel problème de santé publique et pour l’environnement. Cette étude porte sur les risques potentiels correspondant à la « dangerosité » des matières actives présentes dans les pesticides distribués pour le coton. Nous avons recensé 174 pesticides homologués par le Comité sahélien des pesticides (CSP) destinés à la culture du coton, dont 106 insecticides et fongicides et 68 herbicides. Ils sont formulés à partir de 50 matières actives ; 10 sont interdites en Europe et se retrouvent dans 35 produits homologués (soit 20 % des produits disponibles). Un indice de risque de toxicité (IRT) sur la santé des utilisateurs a été calculé pour chacune des 50 matières actives tenant compte de leurs toxicités aiguë et chronique. Il montre que la pendiméthaline et la bifenthrine ont les IRT les plus élevés respectivement pour les herbicides et les insecticides. Un indicateur de contamination des sols et des eaux de surface et souterraine par ces matières actives a été calculé. Il montre qu’une matière active peut présenter un risque important pour la santé et avoir un fort niveau de toxicité pour l’environnement ou avoir un faible impact sur la santé mais présenter un risque élevé pour l’environnement. Une sensibilisation des différents acteurs sur les risques encourus par les pesticides permettrait de réduire leurs impacts sur la santé humaine et l’environnement
Framework providing definitions, operational typology and review of EU strategies for rural areas
No full textDeliverable: Working document. SHERPA: Sustainable Hub to Engage into Rural Policies with Actors, Project ID 862448, H2020 Call ID & Topic RUR-01-2018-2019–D: Rural society-science-policy hubInternational audienceThis deliverable D3.2 aims at compiling the existing data, knowledge and policy framework on rural in the EU, so to provide an operational framework for SHERPA multi-actor platforms (MAPs) when they come at describing rural trends, challenges and opportunities in their respective areas
Projet COLIVE - Des business models innovants pour une bioéconomie circulaire dans le secteur oléicole
No full textNational audienc
Les magasins de producteurs : vers un renouveau de l’action collective des PME agricoles
No full textInternational audienceDe nouvelles initiatives alternatives émergent dans le secteur alimentaire, avec un engouement particulier pour les circuits courts et la vente directe. Des producteurs se rassemblent pour créer des magasins de producteurs (MP) afin de vendre leur production localement. Face au contexte changeant et aux limites des formes d’action collective traditionnelles (coopératives), il peut être difficile pour les producteurs de faire un choix éclairé de circuit de commercialisation. Cette recherche vise à examiner ce nouveau type d’action collective et à comprendre (a) les motifs pour participer à un MP, (b) quels en sont les apports pour les producteurs et (c) quelles difficultés ils rencontrent. L’étude qualitative approfondie via 57 entretiens semi-directifs auprès de producteurs engagés dans des MP apporte des éléments de réponse à ces trois questions. Au niveau théorique, cette recherche permet de discuter en quoi les MP représentent un renouveau de l’action collective en agriculture. Au niveau managérial, elle propose un cadre réflexif pour les producteurs déjà engagés dans les MP ou souhaitant s’y engager
ECOWASTE4FOOD project: cases for food waste reduction at city and regional levels in the EU
No full textInternational audienceFéret offers a practice-driven approach to local solutions and regional strategies that contribute to halve food waste by 2030. Building on the EU-funded ECOWASTE4FOOD project, the chapter focuses on the multi-actor arrangements that enable eco-innovation and social innovation to grow in various EU countries. In addition to looking at the European Union policies to address food waste, Féret draws attention to some sectoral/horizontal dimensions and strategies wherein food waste can be addressed in the food system. This chapter concludes with a discussion on the role that city and regional authorities can play so to prevent food waste through interactive learning and multi-actor action plans
Academics’ collective strategies in structuring an emerging teaching field:the case of CSR/sustainability teaching in a business school context
No full textInternational audienc
Collective marketing strategies and circular business models for valorising local food, agro-waste and by-products: Example of the olive oil chain
No full textInternational audienceCOLIVE Collective marketing strategies and circular business models for valorising local food, agro-waste and by-products: example of the olive oil chain)seeks to understand the socio-economic conditions of olive oil, olive waste and by-product valorisation for a transition to a circular economy in the Mediterranean area. The overall aim of this research is to research and understand the socio-economic conditions and processes of local food, agro-waste and by-product valorisation. Specific objectives: Understand the political conditions and individual farmers’ and consumers’ attitudes toward the valorisation of olive oil, its waste and by-products; Achieve a better knowledge of the processes of cooperation and innovation of groups of farmers and agrifood SMEs; Demonstrate the importance of three action levels for local food, agro-waste and by-product valorisation; Come up with recommendations for policy makers and business actors
Potential of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data for mapping irrigated areas at plot scale
No full textInternational audienceIrrigation plays a significant role in agricultural production in order to meet the global food requirement under changing climatic conditions. To fulfil the high demand of food with an ever-increasing global population, better planning of irrigation is required. Therefore, more focus is being set on the assessment of irrigation performance for improving water management in order to achieve higher water productivity and increase the agricultural water sustainability. In the context of mapping irrigated areas, we propose an innovative approach to map irrigated areas using Sentinel-1 (S1) SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) and Sentinel-2 (S2) optical time series. Our proposed approach is based on the use of S1 and/or S2 time series combined with statistical and mathematical functions such as principal component analysis (PCA) and wavelet transformation (WT). The proposed approach was tested over the Catalonia region, Spain with a dataset containing 126 000 irrigated and 67 000 non-irrigated plots. The novelty of our study resides in eliminating the ambiguity between irrigation and rainfall by comparing between the SAR backscattering signal of each plot and that of the corresponding grid (10 km × 10 km).The potential of S2 images to classify irrigated areas by means of NDVI time series was also investigated in this study. Random forest (RF) and convolutional neural network (CNN) approaches were used to build up classification models using the PCA or WT parameters in three different scenarios: The first using only S1 data, the second using only S2 data, and the third using both S1 and S2 data. The RF classifiers built using the PCA or WT on S1 time series perform well in mapping irrigated areas with an accuracy of 90.7% and 89.1% respectively. However, the CNN classification on the S1 temporal series produces a significant overall accuracy of 94.1%. Finally, the combined use of the SAR and optical data enhanced the accuracy of the RF classification but did not significantly change the overall accuracy of the CNN model
