Portail des publications scientifiques de VetAgro Sup
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Harmonisation of the diagnostic performances of serological ELISA tests for C. burnetii in ruminants in the absence of a gold standard: Optimal cut-offs and performances reassessment
No full textInternational audienceNone of the three ELISA tests currently available in Europe for the serological diagnosis of Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii) infections in ruminants can be considered as a gold standard. The difference in their diagnostic performances (e.g., from 39 % to 87 % for sensitivity in sheep -Lurier et al. 2021) affects the agreement between the test results obtained in different veterinary laboratories and limits the comparability of prevalence estimates for surveillance. In order to harmonise these tests, we tried to adjust their cut-offs so that there is a maximum of agreement between them. Using the results of the three ELISAs applied to 1258 cattle, 1474 goat and 1432 sheep serum samples collected in France, we identified the cut-offs that maximised Hubert's kappa, an agreement coefficient applicable to more than two tests, using a differential evolution algorithm for optimisation. We then evaluated the effect of changing the cut-offs. In particular, we estimated the sensitivities and specificities of each test at the optimal cut-offs using a latent class model. While the manufacturer's cut-offs of the three tests were 30, 40 and 40 respectively, regardless of the species, the cut-offs that maximise the agreement are 44.7, 30.8 and 84.3 for cattle, 6.6, 18.8 and 49.8 for goats, and 26.2, 50.9 and 88.6 for sheep. By using these cut-offs instead of those provided by the manufacturers, the observed proportion of disagreement between the tests is reduced by approximately half, and the diagnostic performances and apparent prevalence are more consistent from one test to another. The use of these species-specific cut-offs allows for better harmonisation of the tests. However, before implementing these new cut-offs, it is essential to assess the measurement uncertainty around them to ensure that the analytical performances of the tests are maintained
Le chantier « Agroécologie & Marché » conduit par les groupes filières INRAE
No full textLe secteur agroalimentaire fait l’objet d’une segmentation croissante du marché avec la multiplication de démarches dites de qualité, publique ou privée, qui engagent les filières dans la construction de pratiques de production, de transformation ou de distribution différenciées. Nous connaissons peu de choses sur la manière dont ces démarches inscrivent leurs pratiques dans l’agroécologie, et en particulier pour les filières ayant une mention valorisante autre que l’agriculture biologique. De 2022 à 2023, la Direction Scientifique Agriculture INRAE a engagé un chantier exploratoire, avec 11 groupes filières INRAE, pour analyser comment se construisent des démarches de filières différenciées sur le marché et leur engagement en faveur de l’agroécologie.National audienceThe agri-food sector encountered an increasing market segmentation, with the proliferation of public and private quality labels, which commit the supply chains to the building of differentiated production, processing and distribution practices. We know very little about the way in which the value chains move towards agroecology, and in particular for the value chains with quality labels other than organic farming. From 2022 to 2023, INRAE's Scientific Division for Agriculture has launched an exploratory project, with 11 INRAE value-chain groups, to analyze how differentiated supply chains are committing toward agroecology. This project, entitled “Agroecology and Market”, was based on a desk research and interviews with over 60 actors from the interbranches and different streams in agrifood chains. This introductory article presents the initial thinking behind the project, the mission of the value-chain groups and the 28 case studies selected for illustrative purposes, in order to conduct this exploratory analysis within a diversity of production and supply chain contexts.Innovations agronomiques 100 (2025), 1-12 RésuméLe secteur agroalimentaire fait l'objet d'une segmentation croissante du marché avec la multiplication de démarches dites de qualité, publique ou privée, qui engagent les filières dans la construction de pratiques de production, de transformation ou de distribution différenciées. Nous connaissons peu de choses sur la manière dont ces démarches inscrivent leurs pratiques dans l'agroécologie, et en particulier pour les filières ayant une mention valorisante autre que l'agriculture biologique. De 2022 à 2023, la Direction Scientifique Agriculture INRAE a engagé un chantier exploratoire, avec 11 groupes filières INRAE, pour analyser comment se construisent des démarches de filières différenciées sur le marché et leur engagement en faveur de l'agroécologie. Ce chantier dénommé « Agroécologie et Marché » s'est appuyé sur une analyse documentaire et une série d'entretiens auprès de plus de 60 acteurs, représentatifs d'interprofessions et de différents maillons de diverses filières. Cet article introductif présente la réflexion initiale de ce chantier, la mission des groupes filières et les 28 cas d'études retenus à titre illustratif, pour conduire cette analyse exploratoire au regard d'une diversité de contextes de production et de filières.</div
Intranasally administrated fusion-inhibitory lipopeptides block SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice and enable long-term protective immunity
No full textInternational audienceAbstract We have assessed antiviral activity and induction of protective immunity of fusion-inhibitory lipopeptides derived from the C-terminal heptad-repeat domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein in transgenic mice expressing human ACE2 (K18-hACE2). The lipopeptides block SARS-CoV-2 infection in cell lines and lung-derived organotypic cultures. Intranasal administration in mice allows the maintenance of homeostatic transcriptomic immune profile in lungs, prevents body-weight loss, decreases viral load and shedding, and protects mice from death caused by SARS-CoV-2 variants. Prolonged administration of high-dose lipopeptides has neither adverse effects nor impairs peptide efficacy in subsequent SARS-CoV-2 challenges. The peptide-protected mice develop cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies against both SARS-CoV-2 used for the initial infection and recently circulating variants, and are completely protected from a second lethal infection, suggesting that they developed SARS-CoV-2-specific immunity. This strategy provides an additional antiviral approach in the global effort against COVID-19 and may contribute to development of rapid responses against emerging pathogenic viruses
Rendre compte de la vulnérabilité énergétique logement-mobilité des ménages d’un territoire. Un système d’indicateurs pour outiller les politiques publiques locales
No full textInternational audienceIn a context where the social challenges of the energy transition are increasingly strong, this article focuses on the structural elements of a territory likely to weaken the resident population to rising energy prices. It proposes a system of six territorial indicators which is based on two main principles. On the one hand, it focuses on a transversal approach to traditional sectors of public action by dealing with both housing and the daily mobility of households. On the other hand, it is based on the notion of vulnerability, understood as the combination of the three dimensions of sensitivity, exposure and adaptability. Simple and easily reproducible across the entire national territory, these indicators were developed as part of research involving academics and practitioners. They were thus designed to be integrated into an operational platform intended to help local stakeholders with their territorial forecasts and to be able to be returned in the form of easily understandable maps and graphs. Their objective is to allow stakeholders to assess the relevance of their interventions in relation to the types of energy vulnerability that emerge in their territory - according to the two sectors, housing or mobility, and according to the three dimensions of vulnerability. As part of this article, they were applied to the case of Roannais Agglomération, an Agglomeration Community of 40 municipalities and 100,000 inhabitants located in the south-east of France, making it possible to show how they reflect the diversity and spatial structuring of the situations of the municipalities in this area.Dans un contexte où les enjeux sociaux de la transition énergétique sont de plus en plus forts, cet article s’intéresse aux éléments structurels d’un territoire susceptibles de fragiliser la population résidente face au renchérissement de l’énergie. Il propose un système d’indicateurs territoriaux reposant sur deux grands principes. D’une part, il s’attache à une démarche transversale aux secteurs traditionnels de l’action publique en traitant à la fois du logement et de la mobilité quotidienne des ménages. D’autre part, il s’adosse à la notion de vulnérabilité, entendue comme la combinaison des trois dimensions que sont la sensibilité, l’exposition et l’adaptabilité. Simples et facilement reproductibles sur l’ensemble du territoire national, ces indicateurs sont appliqués au cas de la Communauté d’Agglomération de Roannais Agglomération, permettant d’illustrer la diversité et la structuration spatiale des situations des quarante communes de ce territoire
A scoping review of the impacts of forest dynamics on acari-borne diseases: beyond forest fragmentation
No full textInternational audienceAbstract Background: Forest cover has undergone significant changes, which have accelerated over recent decades. Acari vectors such as ticks and chigger mites are intricately linked to forest ecosystems because of the suitable hosts and microclimates they provide. However, the implications of forest cover change and dynamics on acari vectors and their pathogens remain poorly understood. This study aims to investigate the impacts of forest dynamics on the risk of acari-borne diseases worldwide through a comprehensive review of the literature. Methods: We conducted a scoping review following the PRISMA Method to retrieve citations related to forest dynamics and acari-borne diseases. Eligibility criteria were predefined and relevant data were extracted from selected articles. The analysis employed a descriptive approach and thematic narrative synthesis. Results: Our review reveals that the influence of forest dynamics on acari-borne diseases and related vectors was predominantly discussed within a Western context, particularly with regard to Ixodes ticks and Lyme disease. Four types of forest dynamics have been identified in the literature: deforestation, fragmentation, conversion and reforestation. However, there was no consensus on the impacts of those dynamics on the vectors and their associated pathogens. Studies have reported conflicting findings including: protective or risk effects, nonlinear relationships, dependent effects influenced by additional factors altering relationships or nonsignificant effects. Those outcomes had been reported across different forest dynamics and various locations. Although, there is limited empirical evidence on tropical contexts as well as for reforestation and conversion dynamics, making it difficult to draw conclusions regarding pathogen and vector trends. Differences in results trends emerge when comparing the entire article sample (n = 111) to empirical studies (n = 73), with literature reviews often overestimating the dilution effect observed in empirical research. Finally, our review identifies a notable absence of studies on scrub typhus disease in the context of forest dynamics. Conclusions: This scoping review offers a novel and comprehensive overview of global literature on the impacts of forest dynamics on acari vectors and the infectious agents they transmit. It highlights research gaps and the need for future research targeting specific forest dynamics, particularly chigger mite vectors in a tropical context
Avis de l'Anses relatif à « la réévaluation des mesures de gestion IAHP au regard de la stratégie de vaccination actuelle »
No full textAu cours de la dernière décennie, l’Europe a connu plusieurs épizooties majeures d’Influenza aviaire hautement pathogène (IAHP) dont l’épizootie de 2021-2022, d’une ampleur sans précédent en France, avec plus de 1 300 foyers détectés dans les élevages de volailles domestiques. Durant la saison 2023-2024 (du 1er août 2023 au 31 juillet 2024), une moindre circulation de virus de l’IAHP a été observée dans la faune sauvage, chez les oiseaux captifs et les volailles domestiques. En France, un faible nombre de foyers d’IAHP chez des volailles domestiques a ainsi été constaté entre le démarrage de la campagne de vaccination IAHP le 1er octobre 2023 et le mois de juin 2024. Il convient désormais d’évaluer les causes possibles de cette situation.Par ailleurs, la vaccination IAHP a donné un nouvel espoir à la filière volaille, qui avait subi les conséquences néfastes d’une circulation virale exceptionnelle ces dernières saisons. Si la biosécurité est entendue par tous comme étant la pierre angulaire de la prévention de la maladie, les mesures de mise à l’abri restent contraignantes, notamment dans un contexte où le niveau de risque a été abaissé tardivement les saisons passées. En effet, si pour la saison actuelle le contexte épidémiologique favorable a permis d’abaisser le niveau de risque à « négligeable » le 3 mai 2024, celui-ci n’a été atteint qu’au 7 juillet en 2023 et au 3 juin en 2022. Ceci a des conséquences sur le bien-être des animaux liées à l’allongement de la durée du jour, l’augmentation de l’intensité lumineuse et la hausse des températures.Un retour d’expérience sur les six premiers mois de la vaccination IAHP a été réalisé par l’unité EPISABE (Épidémiologie, santé et bien-être) de l’Anses avec l’appui de la DGAL. Ce retour est essentiel pour éclairer les décisions concernant d'éventuels ajustements et l'évolution de la prochaine campagne de vaccination, et les allègements nécessaires pour répondre aux demandes des professionnels. Les résultats complets de ce retour d’expérience ont été mis à disposition des experts du GT dans le cadre de la présente saisine, fin juillet 2024.Dans ce contexte, deux questions sont posées à l’Anses :1. « Quels sont les facteurs ayant contribué à l’amélioration de la situation épizootique vis-à-vis du virus de l’IAHP sur le territoire métropolitain dans un contexte de vaccination contre cette maladie ? Pour répondre à cette question vous pouvez vous appuyer sur le bilan épidémiologique de l’unité EPISABE de l’Anses attendu en juin 2024.2. Réévaluer les mesures de mise à l’abri au regard de la mise en œuvre d’une vaccination IAHP préventive des canards. Cette réévaluation porte sur les mesures appliquées aux canards, ainsi qu’aux autres volailles détenues. » [Saisines liées n°2022-SA-0157 et 2022-SA-0165
Unveiling the effects of diversified prairies on wheat nutrition, phenology and growth in strip intercropping
No full textCrop diversification is a promising strategy to improve agroecosystem sustainability in terms of plant nutrition and production, but it is frequently too restricted to reach its full potential. Insufficient diversity prevents agroecosystems from using nitrogen (N) efficiently enough to maintain enough yield without strongly relying on external inputs that are damaging to the environment. We advocate that combining annual crops like winter wheat with perennial and diversified prairies would be a major step toward enhancing cereal system sustainability, by promoting plant-soil interactions that improve long-term plant nutrition and growth. Yet, managing highly diversified agroecosystems requires a better understanding of complex and dynamic plant-plant interactions that can either boost or hinder crop development. We conducted a field experiment in which we associated four varieties of wheat with four functionally different prairies, in fine scale strips intercropping systems called "agroprairies". We assessed the effects of prairie strips on wheat nutrition, phenology, and growth under two N-fertilization conditions, with a focus on the influence of prairie functional traits.The analysis of the interactions between prairie functional trait syndromes, N fertilization, and wheat varieties uncovered key parameters that favor beneficial outcomes. Notably, we showed that plant resource-acquisitive trait syndrome known to shape N release from soil resources and a higher proportion of legumes in prairie strips significantly improved wheat nutrition, earliness, growth and biomass production. Our study reveals an existing avenue for developing cropping systems that incorporate high species richness, with synergistic benefits based on the mobilization of N from the soil and the atmosphere.</div
Echinococcus multilocularis : importance médicale, morphologie et biologie
No full textInternational audienceL'échinococcose alvéolaire, une zoonose parasitaire cosmopolite, est une maladie humaine rare mais grave au moment du diagnostic. La protection des humains implique un traitement antiparasitaire régulier des carnivores domestiques et une surveillance épidémiologique méticuleuse
A Randomised-Controlled Study Demonstrates That Diet Can Contribute to the Clinical Management of Feline Atopic Skin Syndrome (FASS)
No full textInternational audienceFeline atopic skin syndrome (FASS) is a common inflammatory and highly pruritic skin condition. It typically manifests according to one or more of four different clinical lesion patterns: miliary dermatitis, self-induced alopecia, head and neck pruritus, and eosinophilic granuloma complex. FASS is a chronic and relapsing condition that often persists for life. Effective management can be a significant challenge for both clinicians and owners. Here, we investigated whether diet could act as an adjunct to conventional medicated therapies to improve the management of FASS. We conducted a six-month randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blinded study on client-owned FASS cats to test a novel pet food formulation. The main variables followed were the veterinarian (FeDESI) and the owner (VAScat) assessing symptom severity, in addition to medication requirements. Compared to the control diet, the test diet not only ameliorated symptoms but also significantly reduced the dependency on medication. The VAScat metric was improved after 3 months (p = 1.6 × 10−4) and 6 months (p = 5.7 × 10−5) in the test group only, and the cats’ medication requirement significantly declined exclusively in the test group from month 2 onwards. The interpretation of the FeDESI results was hampered by high levels of variation, particularly in the control group. Nonetheless, in the test group, clinical scores showed evidence of improvement after 3 months (p = 0.037) and 6 months (p = 0.02), and no such improvement was detected in the control group. Overall, our findings suggest that tailored nutrition can significantly aid in the management of feline atopic skin syndrome
Microbial transfers in dairy systems under changing climate and farming practices
No full textInternational audienceEvolving agricultural practices aimed at mitigating the effects of climate change raise questions about their impact on the microbial characteristics of the food matrix, which is particularly relevant for raw milk cheese production. To address these issues, we explored microbial transfers across cheese production from farm environments to raw milk cheese and rat microbiota consuming these cheeses in four farming systems with varying grazing proportions in cow diet for 3 months. 736 samples were collected in 12 ecosystems (air, soil, grass, cow rumen and feces, teats, bedding material, milk, milk filter, cheese curd and rind, and rat feces) and at three sampling dates (only one for cheeses and rats). The bacterial and fungal communities were characterized by 16S V3-V4 and ITS sequencing and data were processed with rAnomaly package [1] (dada2 [2], taxonomic assignation 16S: SILVA database and DairyDB, ITS: UNITE and UTOPIA).We first describe the twelve ecosystems in terms of community composition and diversity and analyze the impact of farming systems and sampling date on ecosystem diversity. We then focus on microbial transfers between ecosystems, identify shared ASVs across the farm to fork agri-food chain, and determine diversity hotspots and bottlenecks impacting downstream microbiota, such as bedding material or cow rumens. We finally study how the microbial transfers differ between the four farming systems and evolve in time.</p