Recherche académique à emlyon business school
Not a member yet
3264 research outputs found
Sort by
Essais sur la mesure des inégalités de revenus : Une étude méthodologique, historique et empirique
No full textThis thesis addresses the diversity of measures of income inequality and studies the methodological, normative, and public policy implications of their use. Drawing on a multidisciplinary approach that combines applied economics, the philosophy and methodology of economics, and the history of ideas, it examines this diversity and highlights the need to carefully reconsider it. Chapter 1 illustrates the difficulty of providing objective and trustworthy measurements of inequality by focusing on the phenomenon of rank reversals. We argue that these contradictions are predictable, given how each index is constructed, but they are not harmless if left unaddressed. Instead of relying on a competitive rationale to choose one index, we propose two alternatives: first, interpreting each index as reflecting a specific value judgment; second, drawing on Sen's positional objectivity, each index can function as a different prism of the reality of inequality. We argue that the plurality of existing indices can be meaningfully used, provided the reasons for their selection or interpretation are explained transparently. Chapter 2 contributes to the general history of income inequality measurement. Through the evolution of the normative approach, the chapter highlights how warnings about the implications of using different inequality measures have long existed within the discipline of economics. I show how the normative approach challenged the neutrality of standard statistical tools and introduced specific normative properties for evaluating this phenomenon. However, I also discuss how normative considerations were largely eclipsed for decades by the discipline's claims of axiological neutrality, along with the growing consolidation of purely descriptive measurement tools. Chapter 3 contrasts theory and practice regarding the measurement of income inequality. Using data from the 2022 American Community Survey (ACS-PUMS), I empirically and econometrically assess the most commonly used measures by comparing inequality levels across US states and examining how the same set of socioeconomic factors relates to interstate variation in income inequality depending on the measure chosen. The findings reveal important contradictions in inequality rankings even within a cross-sectional analysis using the same database, the same data treatment, and the same definitions of income and population. Despite the inherent discrepancies resulting from the perspective each measure offers, I argue that the use of different measures can reveal valuable information about the factors associated with income inequality, thereby increasing their usefulness in guiding public policy more effectively.Cette thèse traite de la diversité des mesures des inégalités de revenus et étudie leurs implications méthodologiques, normatives et en matière de politiques publiques. S'appuyant sur une approche multidisciplinaire qui combine l'économie appliquée, la philosophie et la méthodologie de l'économie ainsi que l'histoire des idées, elle analyse cette diversité et met en évidence la nécessité de la reconsidérer attentivement, en tenant compte à la fois des risques et des opportunités. Le Chapitre 1 illustre la difficulté de fournir des mesures objectives et fiables des inégalités en se concentrant sur le phénomène des inversions de rang. Nous soutenons que ces contradictions sont prévisibles, compte tenu de la manière dont chaque indice est construit, mais que ne pas aborder ce problème de front peut porter à conséquence. Au lieu de justifier la sélection d'un indice en affirmant qu'il s'agit du meilleur possible, nous proposons soit, en s'inspirant des travaux d'économie normative, d'interpréter chaque indice comme le reflet d'un jugement de valeur spécifique, soit, en s'inspirant de l'objectivité positionnelle de Sen, de reconnaître que chaque indice fonctionne comme un prisme particulier de la réalité des inégalités. La pluralité des indices existants peut ainsi être utilisée de manière pertinente, à condition que les raisons de leur sélection ou de leur interprétation soient explicitées de manière transparente. Le Chapitre 2 contribue à l'histoire générale de la mesure des inégalités de revenus. Ce chapitre présente l'évolution de l'approche normative, et met en évidence le fait que les mises en garde sur les implications de l'usage de différentes mesures des inégalités sont présentes de longue date dans la discipline économique. Je montre comment l'approche normative a remis en question la neutralité des outils statistiques standards et a introduit des propriétés normatives spécifiques pour évaluer ce phénomène. Cependant, j'explique également comment les considérations normatives ont été largement éclipsées pendant des décennies par les revendications de neutralité axiologique de la discipline, ainsi que par le renforcement progressif d'outils de mesure purement descriptifs. Le Chapitre 3 confronte la théorie à la pratique en matière de mesure des inégalités de revenus. À partir des données de l'American Community Survey (ACS-PUMS) de 2022, j'évalue de manière empirique et économétrique les mesures les plus couramment utilisées. Je compare les niveaux des inégalités entre les États des États-Unis et j'examine comment un même ensemble de facteurs socio-économiques est lié aux variations interétatiques des inégalités de revenus en fonction de la mesure choisie. Les résultats révèlent d'importantes contradictions dans les classements des inégalités, et ce, même dans le cadre d'une analyse transversale menée à partir de la même base de données, avec un traitement identique des données et les mêmes définitions du revenu et de la population. Même si chaque mesure offre une perspective inhérente spécifique qui diverge des autres, je soutiens l'idée que l'utilisation de différentes mesures peut révéler des informations précieuses sur les facteurs associés aux inégalités de revenus. La diversité des mesures d'inégalité renforce ainsi l'utilité de chacune pour guider les politiques publiques de façon éclairée et pertinente
Learning How to Vote with Principles: Axiomatic Insights Into the Collective Decisions of Neural Networks
No full textInternational audienceCan neural networks be applied in voting theory, while satisfying the need for transparency in collective decisions? We propose axiomatic deep voting: a framework to build and evaluate neural networks that aggregate preferences, using the wellestablished axiomatic method of voting theory. Our findings are: (1) Neural networks, despite being highly accurate, often fail to align with the core axioms of voting rules, revealing a disconnect between mimicking outcomes and reasoning. ( 2) Training with axiom-specific data does not enhance alignment with those axioms. (3) By solely optimizing axiom satisfaction, neural networks can synthesize new voting rules that often surpass and substantially differ from existing ones. This offers insights for both fields: For AI, important concepts like bias and value-alignment are studied in a mathematically rigorous way; for voting theory, new areas of the space of voting rules are explored
Blockchain-Enabled Traceability in Agriculture: A Game-Theoretic Approach to Production Decisions
No full textInternational audienc
Optimal Climate Policy, Distortionary Taxation, and Public Debt
No full textInternational audienceWe derive the (second-best) optimal carbon tax in a polluted economy with preexisting tax distortions and in which labor and capital income taxes adjust endogenously to changes in the ratio of public debt to GDP via pre-established fiscal rules. Relative to the no-climate-policy scenario, the welfare-maximizing carbon tax lowers the debt-to-GDP ratio as well as labor and capital income taxes, while raising GDP and consumption. The strength of these effects depends on the aggressiveness of the tax rules. The less aggressive they are, the larger the decline in the debt-to-GDP ratio, but the smaller the optimal carbon tax and the resulting increase in GDP, consumption, and welfare. We also show that, for given fiscal rules, the optimal carbon tax and welfare gain are smaller the larger preexisting tax distortions.</div
Gesture sonification for enhancing agency: an exploratory study on healthy participants
No full textInternational audienceBackground Body awareness (BA) and proprioception, which are essential components of the sense of agency (SA), are often altered in various mental disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, the relationship between BA, proprioception, and SA, as well as the methods to manipulate them, remain unclear. This study explored using real-time gesture sonification (GS), i.e., wearable technology transforming body movements into sounds, to enhance proprioception, BA, and thus the SA. Methods In this within-subjects design, 17 healthy adults (mean age = 25.5 years) with varying dance expertise (novice, amateur, expert) improvised movements to match sounds with and without auditory feedback from motion sensors on wrists/ankles modulated by their gestures. BA, immersion, pleasure, and self-efficacy were measured. Results Sonification significantly increased body awareness, reward, and immersion (all p < 0.05). Conclusion GS can enhance BA and the SA, pleasure, and control during physical activity. This highlights potential mental health applications, such as agency-based therapies for PTSD. Manipulating bodily perception could improve symptoms and embodiment. Further research should replicate this in clinical populations and explore neurocognitive mechanisms
How permaculture can inspire sustainable entrepreneurial training : the case of the Permaentrepreneurs course
No full textInternational audiencePermaculture, originating in the 1970s, addresses environmental degradation caused by modern practices. In France, the permaentreprise movement, led by the IT consulting firm Norsys, promotes sustainable business models inspired by permaculture. Norsys, with its €52m turnover, exemplifies this model by reducing environmental impact, empowering employees, and sharing profits. Through initiatives like the School of Permaentrepreneurs, Norsys disseminates permaculture principles, fostering sustainability and innovation. The School of Permaentrepreneurs offers a three-day seminar providing participants with theoretical knowledge and practical skills to implement the permaentreprise model. By emphasizing experiential and cooperative learning, the course empowers participants to develop sustainable business models aligned with permaculture ethics. Despite challenges, like evaluating the model’s effectiveness and transferring educational programs to other institutions globally, permaentreprise shows promise as a framework for sustainable entrepreneurship education, gaining traction in French institutions.<br /
L' économie à l'ère de la science ouverte : un nouvel élan pour la reproductibilité
No full textInternational audienceLa crise de la reproductibilité, révélée par Ioannidis (2005) et confirmée par de nombreuses études, soulève des inquiétudes sur la fiabilité des résultats scientifiques. Bien que l'économie affiche un taux de réplication relativement élevé, elle reste vulnérable aux biais de publication, au p-hacking et à l'effet-tiroir. La science ouverte propose des solutions pour renforcer la crédibilité des recherches. Trois leviers sont essentiels : (1) l'accès libre aux publications, données et codes, (2) le pré-enregistrement et les registered reports pour limiter les biais analytiques, et (3) la réplication systématique des études. En examinant leurs mécanismes et défis, nous soulignons leur impact sur la fiabilité scientifique. L'adoption de ces pratiques marque un tournant vers une science plus robuste et cumulative, mais nécessite une évolution des incitations académiques, un soutien institutionnel et un engagement collectif pour assurer la reproductibilité des recherches.</div
Développement personnel et santé : une approche par les variables latentes, les facteurs latents, et le machine learning
No full textThis manuscript, intended for the accreditation to direct research (HDR), is structured around different methodological approaches that can be mobilized for human resources management (HRM). These methods include, in part, a variable-centered approach via bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling (BI-ESEM), followed by a person-centered approach via latent variable mixed modeling. Another part is devoted to supervised and unsupervised machine learning applied to tabular, textual and mixed, static or temporal structured data. The fields of application are positive mental health in the general context and in the context of the work-life balance, optimal psychological functioning, HSE (Health and Safety Executive) management standards for the prevention of psychosocial risks, and the quality of public health care. The epistemological stance adopted is post-positivist in a pragmatic transcendental realist tradition.Ce manuscrit destiné à l’habilitation pour diriger des recherches (HDR) est construit autour de différentes approches méthodologiques qui peuvent être mobilisées pour la gestion des ressources humaines (GRH). Ces méthodes incluent, en partie, une approche centrée sur les variables via une modélisation en équations structurelles exploratoires bifactorielles (BI-ESEM), puis une approche centrée sur la personne via une modélisation mixte en facteurs latents. Une autre partie est consacrée au machine learning (apprentissage automatique) supervisé et non-supervisé appliqué aux données structurées tabulaires, textuelles et mixtes, statiques ou temporelles. Les domaines d’applications sont la santé mentale positive dans le cadre général et dans le cadre de l’équilibre vie privée et professionnelle (work-life balance), le fonctionnement optimal psychologique, les normes de management HSE (Health Safety Executive) pour la prévention des risques psychosociaux, et la qualité des soins en santé publique. La posture épistémologique adoptée est post-positiviste dans une lignée réaliste transcendantale pragmatique
Can Information Shape Macroeconomic Disaster Risk Perception and Stimulate Investment? An Experiment with Experts and Laypersons
No full textMacroeconomic disasters are low-probability events with severe economic and financial consequences. Using a survey experiment with both finance experts and laypersons, we conduct the first incentivized elicitation of beliefs about macroeconomic disaster risk and subsequent investment in risky financial assets. Our findings indicate that, consistent with the systematic overweighting of recent disasters, both laypersons and finance experts overestimate disaster risk, leading to underinvestment in our portfolio task. However, we find that communicating historical information about the frequency of macroeconomic disasters helps to correct misperceptions of this frequency and stimulate investment. Although participants adjust their beliefs in the expected direction, they fail to react to the precision of information while, in the case of laypersons, reacting to the salience of information. Our findings offer practical guidelines for effective communication by financial institutions and show that they depend on the financial expertise of the target population
The impact of COVID-19 on disability disclosure at work
No full textKnowledge@emlyon (https://knowledge.em-lyon.com/en/the-impact-of-covid-19-on-disability-disclosure-at-work/)Workers with invisible disabilities face the complex decision of whether to disclose or conceal their disability at work. In my current research, I propose a preliminary analysis of how the choice to (not) disclose an invisible disability at work was challenged in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic in France. By invisible disability, I mean a concealable disability that enables disabled workers to appear as non-disabled in the eyes of their colleagues. The decision of (non-)disclosure of such a disability involves weighing the potential benefits of disability recognition against the risk of stigma. Choosing not to disclose a disability can be a strategy to avoid negative judgments, though it often means working without appropriate accommodations