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Identification of Spatial Spillovers: Do's and Don'ts
No full textInternational audienceThe notion of spatial spillovers has been widely used in applied spatial econometrics. In this paper, we consider how they can be identified in both structural and causal reduced‐form models. First, discussing the various threats to identification in structural models, we point out that the typical estimation framework proposed in the applied spatial econometric literature boils down to considering spatial spillovers as a side‐effect of a data‐driven chosen specification. We also discuss the limits of blindly relying on interaction matrices purely based on geography to identify the source and content of spillovers. Then, we present reduced forms impact evaluation models for spatial data and show that the current spatial versions of usual impact evaluation models are not fully satisfactory when considering the identification issue. Finally, we propose a set of recommendations for applied articles aimed at identifying spatial spillovers
Development of a purification protocol of grape juice peptides responsible for wines oxidative stability
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The pore-forming toxin Candidalysin dampens the autophagy-related plasma membrane stress response during Candida albicans invasion of epithelial cells.
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The pore-forming toxin Candidalysin dampens the autophagy-related plasma membrane stress response during Candida albicans invasion of epithelial cells
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Voltigeurs-chercheurs et concepts de la didactique professionnelle : postface pour des débats à venir
No full textInternational audience" Les contributeurs et contributrices de ce dossier, intéressés aux méthodes en Didactique Professionnelle (DP), s'apparentent en effet à des grenadiers voltigeurs, s'habituant à agir au-delà des lignes sur les fronts de recherche de la DP. Ces textes rompent ainsi le confortable statu quo des façons de « faire de la didactique professionnelle » au nom d'une position acquise de celle-ci dans le champ travail/formation. Ainsi ce dossier est-il doublement adressé. En première lecture, initiant un débat sur les méthodes en DP, les auteurs s'expriment d'abord comme des héritiers de ce patrimoine théorique, manifestant en quelque sorte un droit d'inventaire scientifique. A ce titre, les textes mettent à l'épreuve quelques concepts clefs de l'appareillage théorico-méthodologique de la DP. Les jeunes « dp-istes » s'adressent ainsi aux « anciens », transmetteurs parfois oublieux d'une explicitation plus précise de leurs méthodes (leurs « bricolages », écrit Gillet) et leur opposant questions, inventivité et rigueur méthodiques mises au débat.
Behaviour of ewes and lambs in response to human emotional odours
No full textInternational audienceThis study investigated whether sheep (Ovis aries) discriminate the body odour of unfamiliar humans subjected to a contrastive emotion-inducing procedure. Axillary secretions were collected from 38 humans after they watched fearful or joyful films. The behavioural responses of adult ewes (n = 35) and 6-day-old lambs (n = 22) to these odours were assessed using a habituation-dishabituation paradigm validated in this species. Both ewes and lambs exhibited habituation (reduced tactile-olfactory investigation), but no significant dishabituation, limiting strong conclusions about odour discrimination. However, ewes displayed ear postures suggestive of differential emotional reactivity to assumed valence, but these effects were subtle and potentially influenced by test conditions. The lambs exposed to fear odour (FO), relative to those exposed to joy odour (JO), showed increased escape attempts and oral grasping of the odour pad, a conflicting pattern of responses that complicates interpreting FO as aversive. In sum, these results suggest that lambs may react to FO as a distinct stimulus, but they may not clearly associate it with negative valence. Ewes showed behavioural differences in response to odours, yet the absence of clear dishabituation makes it difficult to confirm discrimination ability. Further research including physiological measures is needed to clarify ovine perception of human emotional odours
In Vitro Monitoring of Taste Compound Release During Chewing According to Process‐Related Parameters of the Food
No full textInternational audienceDuring consumption, the breakdown of food in the mouth results in the release of molecules responsible for flavor perception. The mechanisms underlying this release, as well as the progressive formation of the food bolus, are strongly influenced by both the composition of the food and the individual's oral physiology. This study focuses on the release of nonvolatile taste compounds under oral conditions. To investigate these mechanisms under controlled conditions, we utilized an in vitro device capable of simulating key oral functions. Two applications illustrating taste compound release during food oral processing demonstrate the device's capabilities. The first application explores the relationships between the processing conditions of extruded corn grits, the properties of the food bolus, and the release of taste compounds (specifically sodium and glutamate ions). Artificial saliva and food bolus samples were collected at various chewing times. The release of taste compounds was found to be influenced by the composition of the food matrix; notably, the presence of oil led to greater releases of sodium and glutamate. The second application involves cooked carrots and salt application practices, with the aim of optimizing discretionary salt intake while maintaining an acceptable perception of saltiness. Different types of salt (Fleur de sel and fine sea salt) were added either during or after cooking. An inhomogeneous distribution of salt on the surface of cooked carrots resulted in a brief but intense sodium release, which may explain the increased perception of saltiness when salt is applied after cooking
Territorialiser pour innover dans les filières de viande bovine ?
No full textInternational audienceLa présente communication propose de prolonger les analyses de la diversité des formes de coordination dans les filières territoriales de viande bovine, à partir du cas de la filière Herriko Haragia, du Pays basque. Elle s’appuie sur des données qualitatives issues d’une enquête de terrain, qui comprend des entretiens semi-directifs menés avec des acteurs publics et privés engagés dans la filière locale et de l’analyse documentaire. La grille d’analyse proposée vise à restituer la trajectoire historique et socioéconomique de cette démarche, en prenant en compte à la fois la diversité des acteurs et des modes de coordination, ainsi que leurs formes de matérialité (signes de qualité, contrats, règles, investissements…). C’est alors la capacité « à innover » des filières territorialisées qui est interrogée, de même que leur indépendance vis-à-vis des filières longues plus classiques
Farm Accounts in Rural Europe, C. 1700-1914 : To Better Know One's Own ?
No full textInternational audienceAnalyses how book-keeping and estate accounting transformed attitudes and practices in farm management over three centuries of European history. From the eighteenth until well into the twentieth century, an ideal model developed of a farmer as accountant, who would record economic transactions meticulously; tidy book-keeping was regarded as the basis of sound management, and only those who accurately dealt with finances would survive and thrive. It is clear that this happened in both theory and practice, with growing numbers of farmers (men and women) keeping increasingly formalized records of their businesses during this period; a wide range of valuable documentation, originating from large estates, small sharecroppers, tenant and owner-farmers alike, has survived. Drawing on that rich body of sources, this book examines book-keeping and account practices in farm management across Europe, with case studies ranging from Westphalia and the Rhineland to France and Switzerland, over three centuries. It considers who kept these records and their motivations, how practices changed and developed across the period, and in what ways and to what extent accounts and accounting influenced the development of agriculture. It also examines the role of farmers' own organisations and government in encouraging higher standards of accounting
Espèces végétales invasives : processus d’invasion et répercussions sur l’environnement, les services écosystémiques et la santé humaine
No full textInternational audienceBiological invasions, a natural phenomenon amplified by humans, are becoming an ecological and economic concern. They are part of a continuum punctuated by decisive stages (introduction-naturalization-establishment-dispersion). Thanks to significant phenotypic and genotypic plasticity, invasive plants adapt to many environmental conditions. Global warming associated with anthropogenic activities (international trade, landscape modification, etc.) favors their progression. Despite the interest that prevailed in their introduction, they strongly impact biodiversity by excluding native plants and the associated fauna, modify the functioning of invaded biotopes, affect the health of humans and animals, and generate increasing management costs. This review aims to raise awareness of the ecological and societal risks associated with the presence of invasive plants in ecosystems.Les invasions biologiques, phénomène naturel à l’origine mais amplifié par l’homme, deviennent écologiquement et économiquement préoccupantes. Elles s’inscrivent dans un continuum ponctué d’étapes (introduction-naturalisation-établissement-dispersion) déterminantes. Disposant d’une plasticité phénotypique et génotypique importante, les plantes invasives s’adaptent à de nombreuses conditions environnementales. Le réchauffement climatique, associé aux activités anthropiques (échanges internationaux, modification du paysage…), favorise leur progression. Malgré l’intérêt qui a prévalu à leur introduction, elles affectent fortement la biodiversité en excluant des plantes indigènes et le cortège faunistique associé, modifient le fonctionnement des biotopes envahis, affectent la santé des hommes et des animaux, et suscitent des coûts de gestion grandissant. Cette revue vise à sensibiliser l’opinion aux risques écologiques et sociétaux associés à la présence de plantes invasives dans les écosystèmes