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El envase neutro de los productos de tabaco: una nueva estrategia para el control del tabaquismo
No full textResumenExiste evidencia de que las políticas de control del tabaquismo integrales contribuyen a reducir la prevalencia del tabaquismo, por lo que es necesaria la implementación de las distintas medidas de manera conjunta. El empaquetado y etiquetado neutro del tabaco es una de las medidas recomendadas por el Convenio Marco de Control del Tabaco propuesto por la Organización Mundial de la Salud que contribuye a reducir la demanda de tabaco. En el momento actual, una serie de países están implementando esta medida de envasado neutro de los productos del tabaco, que implica desprender a los envases de los aspectos atractivos y promocionales, conservando el nombre de la marca, el cual debería aparecer en una fuente, tamaño, color y localización estándar en el envase. Australia fue el primer país que incorporó este envase en 2012 y recientemente otros países han aprobado la misma medida. En España, la legislación sobre tabaquismo (de 2005 y 2010) supuso un importante avance en las políticas de control del tabaquismo. La introducción de esta medida en España constituiría el siguiente paso en el desarrollo de una estrategia global para luchar contra este importante problema de salud. El objetivo de este trabajo es resumir y presentar de manera estructurada la información disponible sobre el papel que tiene el envase en los productos de tabaco dentro de las estrategias de marketing y comunicación, y describir los potenciales efectos que produce el envase neutro sobre diversos aspectos relacionados con la conducta de fumar.AbstractThere is evidence that global tobacco smoking control policies contribute to decrease the prevalence of smoking among populations, so there is a need to effectively implement different measures in a coordinated way. The plain packaging and labelling of tobacco products is one of the measures proposed by the World Health Organisation Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. At the moment, leading countries are implementing this tobacco control measure, which involves a plain packaging for all tobacco products, i.e., the absence of any promotional or communication tool in the packaging, except the name of the brand, appearing with a standardised font, size, colour and placing in the pack. Australia was the first country to implement this measure in 2012 and recently other countries are legislating and approving it. In Spain, tobacco legislation (2005 and 2010), was an important advance in tobacco control policies. The introduction of plain packaging in Spain would mean the next step in the development of a global strategy for fighting this significant health problem. The aim of this article is to synthesise in a structured manner the role that the packaging of tobacco products has within marketing and communication strategies, as well as to describe the potential effects that the plain packaging has on some aspects of smoking behaviour, according to current literature
Breast cancer-secreted miR-939 downregulates VE-cadherin and destroys the barrier function of endothelial monolayers
No full textAbstractExosomes-secreted microRNAs play an important role in metastatic spread. During this process breast cancer cells acquire the ability to transmigrate through blood vessels by inducing changes in the endothelial barrier. We focused on miR-939 that is predicted to target VE-cadherin, a component of adherens junction involved in vessel permeability. By in silico analysis miR-939 was found highly expressed in the basal-like tumor subtypes and in our cohort of 63 triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) its expression significantly interacted with lymph node status in predicting disease-free survival probability. We demonstrated, in vitro, that miR-939 directly targets VE-cadherin leading to an increase in HUVECs monolayer permeability. MDA-MB-231 cells transfected with a miR-939 mimic, released miR-939 in exosomes that, once internalized in endothelial cells, favored trans-endothelial migration of MDA-MB-231-GFP cells by the disruption of the endothelial barrier. Notably, when up taken in endothelial cells exosomes caused VE-cadherin down-regulation specifically through miR-939 as we demonstrated by inhibiting miR-939 expression in exosomes-releasing TNBC cells.Together, our data indentify an extracellular pro-tumorigenic role for tumor-derived, exosome-associated miR-939 that can explain its association with worse prognosis in TNBCs
Curricular activities and change in determinants of fruit and vegetable intake among adolescents: Results from the Boost intervention
No full textAbstractKnowledge of the association between implementation of different intervention components and the determinants they are tailored to change may contribute to evaluating the effects and working mechanisms of multi-component interventions. This study examined 1) the effect of a Danish multi-component school-based intervention (2010−2011) on key determinants of adolescents' fruit and vegetable intake and 2) if dose of curricular activities was positively associated with change in these determinants. Using multi-level linear and logistic regression analyses stratified by gender and socioeconomic position, we analyzed survey data from the cluster-randomized Boost study targeting Danish 13-year-olds' fruit and vegetable intake. We examined 1) differences in knowledge of recommendations, taste preferences and situational norms between students from 20 intervention (n=991) and 20 control (n=915) schools at follow-up; and 2) associations between curriculum dose received and delivered (student and teacher data aggregated to school- and class-level) and these determinants among students at intervention schools only. At follow-up, more students from intervention than control schools knew the recommendation for vegetable intake (OR 1.56, CI:1.18, 2.06) and number of fruits liked (taste preferences) increased by 0.22 (CI:0.04, 0.41). At class-level, curriculum dose received was positively associated with proportion of students knowing the recommendation for vegetable intake (OR 1.06, CI:1.002, 1.13). In stratified analyses, this association was only significant among students from high social class (OR 1.17, CI:1.04, 1.31). The Boost intervention succeeded in improving students' taste preferences for fruit and knowledge of recommendation for vegetable intake, but only the latter determinant was positively associated with curriculum dose.Trial registration: ISRCTN1166603
Synergism between Pfcrt and Pfmdr1 genes could account for the slow recovery of chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium falciparum strains in Ghana after chloroquine withdrawal
No full textSummaryUnlike other countries, the chloroquine resistant marker Pfcrt T76 mutant has remained fairly stable in Ghana several years after official disuse of chloroquine. Certain mutations in Pfmdr1 may potentiate Pfcrt T76, offering a possible explanation for this observation. To understand the phenomenon, the co-existence of mutations in Pfmdr1 with Pfcrt T76 in Ghanaian Plasmodium falciparum isolates was studied. The reported presence of parasites with reduced sensitivity to amodiaquine and quinine in the country was also studied. Blood samples collected from confirmed malaria patients presenting at health facilities in two distinct ecological zones were analyzed. The prevalence of Pfcrt K76T and the five point mutations in Pfmdr1 were determined using nested PCR followed by RFLP analysis. The association between genes was determined by chi square analysis, and synergism between the two genes was ascertained using the Jonckheere–Terptra (J–T) test followed by Monte Carlo simulation (MCS). Nearly fifty-four percent (53.7%) of the P. falciparum isolates examined had the Pfcrt T76 gene, out of which 18.3% had both K76 and T76 alleles. Mutations at codon 86, 184, 1034, 1042 and 1246 of the Pfmdr1 gene were detected in 36.0%, 87.9%, 71.0%, 91.6% and 8.4% of the isolates, respectively. The haplotypes of Pfmdr1 present were NFCDD (43.46%), YFCDD (27.57%), NFSDD (7.48%), NYSNY (5.14%) and YFSDD (4.67%). Pfcrt T76 was significantly associated with a double mutation at codon 86 and 184 of Pfmdr1 (YF; χ2=18.045, p=0.006). Associations were observed between Pfcrt K76T and Pfmdr1 triple mutation at codons 86, 184 and 1034 (NFC; χ2=13.770, p=0.032 and YFC; χ2=16.489, p=0.011). The J–T test showed significant synergism between Pfcrt 76 and Pfmdr1 polymorphisms (p<0.0001), which was confirmed by MCS at 99% CI. Synergism between Pfcrt and Pfmdr1 mutant genes could account for the slow recovery of chloroquine sensitive P. falciparum in Ghana. The same phenomenon could explain resistance to amodiaquine and quinine. The outcomes of this study also indicated a possible emergence of artemether-lumefantrine resistance in Ghana
Infection by Mycobacterium bovis in a dog from Brazil
No full textAbstractTuberculosis (TB) is a chronic disease caused by bacteria belonging to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MtbC). This disease rarely affects dogs. Canine infections are usually caused by M. tuberculosis. Mycobacterium bovis infections are rare in dogs and associated with consumption of raw milk or contaminated products. Here, we report a Boxer dog who had a M. bovis infection and was admitted to a Brazilian veterinary hospital with a presumptive diagnosis of chronic ehrlichiosis. Despite receiving treatment for chronic ehrlichiosis, it progressed to death. TB was diagnosed during post-mortem examinations using histopathological analysis. Ziehl-Neelsen staining revealed acid-fast bacilli in the kidneys, liver, mesentery, and a mass adhered to the liver. Further, PCR-restriction analysis was performed to identify mycobacteria in the samples. A restriction profile compatible with MtbC was found in the lungs. In addition, PCR-based MtbC typing deletions at different loci of chromosome 9 enabled the identification of M. bovis in the lungs. Therefore, it is very essential to perform differential diagnosis of TB in dogs with non-specific clinical signs and who do not respond to treatment, particularly those who had been in contact with TB-infected cattle or owners. Further, we highlight the use of molecular methods for the identification of bacilli, improving the diagnosis and aiding epidemiological studies
The anti-proliferative activity of novel 4H-benzo[h]chromenes, 7H-benzo[h]-chromeno[2,3-d]pyrimidines and the structure–activity relationships of the 2-, 3-positions and fused rings at the 2, 3-positions
No full textAbstractIn the present study, novel derivatives of 4H-benzo[h]chromene and 7H-benzo[h]chromeno[2,3-d]pyrimidine were prepared and evaluated for their anti-proliferative activity against three human tumor cell lines breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), human colon carcinoma (HCT-116) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG-2) in comparison with the standard drugs Doxorubicin, Vinblastine and Colchicine using MTT colorimetric assay. The structures of the target compounds were established on the basis of spectral data. We explored the Structure–Activity Relationship (SAR) of 4H-benzo[h]chromenes with modification at the 2- or 3- and 2, 3-positions. It was found that several compounds showed good antitumor activity against the cell lines MCF-7, HCT-116 and HepG-2 as compared to the standard drugs. The SAR study revealed that the antitumor activity of the synthesized compounds was significantly affected by the lipophilicity (hydrophobic or hydrophilic) of the substituent at 2- or 3- and 2, 3-positions
Paradoxical reaction associated with cervical lymph node tuberculosis: predictive factors and therapeutic management
No full textSummaryObjectivesThe aims of this study were to determine predictive factors of paradoxical reaction in patients with cervical lymph node tuberculosis (TB) and to discuss the therapeutic management of this condition.Materials and methodsA retrospective study was performed of 501 patients managed for cervical lymph node TB over a period of 12 years (from January 2000 to December 2011). Statistical data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 20.0.ResultsParadoxical reaction occurred in 67 patients (13.4%), with a median delay to onset after starting TB treatment of 7 months. Lymph node size ≥3cm and associated extra-lymph node TB were independently associated with paradoxical reaction. Treatment consisted of surgical excision (71.6%), restarting quadruple therapy (10.4%), reintroduction of ethambutol (23.8%), and addition of ciprofloxacin (20.8%); steroids were given in two cases . All patients recovered after an average treatment duration of 14.91±7.03 months.ConclusionThe occurrence of paradoxical reaction in cervical lymph node TB seems to be predicted by associated extra-lymph node TB and a swelling size ≥3cm. The treatment of paradoxical reaction remains unclear and more randomized trials are necessary to improve its management
Tratamiento de la ginecomastia. Diferencias entre la incisión periareolar externa y la incisión periareolar inferior en mastectomía subdérmica
No full textResumenIntroducciónLa ginecomastia define el aumento benigno del tamaño de la glándula mamaria en el hombre. Existen diversos abordajes quirúrgicos para la resección de la lesión, cada una con resultados diferentes.Material y métodosEstudio transversal. Se incluyeron pacientes con ginecomastia operados de mastectomía subdérmica mediante incisión periareolar externa e incisión periareolar inferior. Para la aleatorización se tomó en cuenta los grados IIb y III de Simon, distribuyendo uno a uno para cada tipo de incisión. Los resultados estéticos fueron evaluados por un cirujano experimentado, tomando como excelentes cuando hubo una cicatrización correcta sin deformidad del área, buenos cuando la cicatrización fue buena sin deformidad del área y mala cuando hubo deformidad del área operada.ResultadosFueron operados 24 pacientes, el 50% por incisión periareolar externa y el 50% por incisión periareolar inferior. La edad promedio fue 25,58 y 27,58 años respectivamente, sin diferencias significativas p=0,513.Todos los pacientes tuvieron características sexuales secundarias normales. La etiología fue idiopática en 23 pacientes (95,83%). El tiempo promedio de evolución fue 32,28 meses y en todos el resultado histopatológico fue ginecomastia.La evaluación del aspecto estético de la incisión y el área afectada en los pacientes operados mediante incisión periareolar externa (n=12) fue mala en un paciente (8,33%), buena en 2 (16,66%) y excelente en 9 pacientes (75%), mientras que en los pacientes operados mediante incisión periareolar inferior, fue buena en el 100% de los pacientes, y mala y excelente en ningún paciente, con diferencias estadísticamente significativas para ambas incisiones, p=0,000. Ningún paciente presentó complicaciones.ConclusiónAmbas incisiones son seguras. La incisión periareolar externa ofrece mejores resultados que la incisión periareolar inferior para realizar mastectomía subdérmica en pacientes con ginecomastia en todos los grados Simon.AbstractIntroductionGynecomastia defines the benign enlargement of the mammary gland in man. There are several surgical approaches for resection of the lesion, each with different results.Material and methodsCross-sectional study. There were included patients with gynecomastia, operated by means of external and inferior periareolar incision. For randomization was took into account degrees IIb and III of Simon, distributing one to one for each type of incision, the cosmetic results were evaluated by an experienced surgeon, taking as excellent results when there was a proper healing without deformity of the area, good results when healing was good without deformity, and bad results when there was deformity of the operated area.ResultsThere were 24 patients, 50% operated by external periareolar incision and 50% by lower periareolar incision. The mean age was 25.58 and 27.58 years old for each group, with no significant statistically differences (P=.513).All patients had normal secondary sexual characteristics. The etiology was idiopathic in 23 (95.83%). The average evolution time was 32.28 months, on all histopathological result was gynecomastia.The evaluation of the aesthetic aspect of the incision and the area affected in patients operated by external periareolar incision (n=12) was bad to 1 (8.33%), good in 2 (16.66%) and excellent in 9 (75%) patients; 100% of the patients operated by inferior periareolar incision presented good results, there were statistically significant differences for both incisions, P=.000. There were no complications.ConclusionBoth incisions are safe, periareolar external incision provides better results than the inferior periareolar incision for patients with gynecomastia in all degrees of Simon
