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Towards a harmonized database of indoor air contaminant concentrations: methods and application to CO2
No full textInternational audienc
安菲特利特号—1698,1699,1700 中法首航记录 Relation du premier voyage des Français à la Chine fait en 1698, 1699 et 1700 sur le vaisseau "L'Amphitrite")
No full textFrançois FrogerRelation du premier voyage des Français à la Chine fait en 1698, 1699 et 1700 sur le vaisseau "L'Amphitrite"LEIPZIGEn 1698, François Froger, un Français, a accompagné Joachim Bouvet, le "Mathématicien du roi" sur le navire marchand Amphitrite vers la Chine, et à partir de ce moment-là La France explore un nouveau chapitre en Chine. Avec la coordination et les efforts de Bai Jin, ce voyage a non seulement obtenu des résultats diplomatiques et commerciaux préliminaires, mais a également marqué une étape clé dans les échanges culturels et commerciaux entre la France et la Chine. Ce voyage de trois ans entre la Chine et la France et l'observation attentive enregistrée par Froge ont non seulement fourni à la France de riches connaissances géographiques sur la Chine et l'Asie du Sud il y a trois cents ans, mais ont également promu les ambitions de navigation et d'affaires de la France en Asie du Sud à l'époque à travers quinze cartes dessinées en cours de route. La carte de Macao qu'il a décrite et dessinée n'est pas seulement la première carte de Macao découverte jusqu'à présent, mais son observation et son analyse de Macao fournissent également de véritables documents historiques de première main pour la recherche historique des chercheurs d'aujourd'hui.1698年法国人弗朗索瓦·弗罗日（François Froger）随同 ‘’国王数学家’’ 白晋 (Joachim Bouvet) 乘坐安菲特利特号商船 (Amphitrite) 远航中国，从此开启了法国探索中国的新篇章。在白晋的协调和努力下，此次远航不但初步取得了外交和商业成果，还标志着法国与中国的在文化和商业交流方面迈出了关键的一步。这部弗罗日记录的往返于中法两国间的三年航海旅行和细心观察的游记，不仅在三百年前为法国提供了丰富的关于中国及南亚的地理知识，作者还通过沿途绘制的十五幅地图推动了当时法国在南亚的航海和商业抱负。 他笔下所描述澳门和绘制的澳门城市及港口的地图，不但是迄今发现的最早的澳门地图，而且他对澳门的观察和分析也为当今学者的历史研究提供了第一手真实的史料
法国汉学形成的历史 - 十八世纪法国学者对汉语的学习和研究
No full textThis article focusses on the period when French Sinology was officially established in the 18th century, and re-sorts out the Chinese learning and Chinese research of French scholars. France is not only the birthplace of Sinology, but also has led the world's research in the field of Sinology since the 19th century. However, the formation of any mature discipline is not achieved overnight, and the same is true for the study of Chinese in France. Before the establishment of the first Sinology faculty in the French Academy in 1814, the study of French Chinese and Chinese language and culture was in the budding stage of Sinology during the reign of Louis XIV. The academic community generally believes that this stage is the importance of missionary Sinology, especially the contribution of the King of France in 1685, which is an indisputable fact. This article hopes to explore the contribution and influence of French scholars on the formation of Sinology during this period by sorting out the historical materials of Chinese learning by French domestic scholars in the 18th century.Cet article se concentre sur la période où la sinologie française a été officiellement établie au XVIIIe siècle, et rééquivre l'apprentissage chinois et la recherche chinois des érudits français. La France n'est pas seulement le berceau de la sinologie, mais a également dirigé la recherche mondiale dans le domaine de la sinologie depuis le XIXe siècle. Cependant, la formation d'une discipline mature n'est pas réalisée du jour au lendemain, et il en va de même pour l'étude du chinois en France. Avant la création de la première faculté de sinologie à l'Académie française en 1814, l'étude du chinois français et de la langue et de la culture chinoises était dans la phase naissante de la sinologie sous le règne de Louis XIV. La communauté universitaire croit généralement que cette étape est l'importance de la Sinologie missionnaire, en particulier la contribution du Roi de France en 1685, qui est un fait incontestable. Cet article espère explorer la contribution et l'influence des érudits français sur la formation de la sinologie pendant cette période en triant les matériaux historiques de l'apprentissage du chinois par les érudits nationaux français au XVIIIe siècle.本文以十八世纪法国汉学正式成立这个时期为研究对象，对法国学者汉语学习和对汉语的研究进行重新梳理。法国不但是汉学的发源地，还从十九世纪起引领了世界汉学领域的研究。然而任何一个成熟的学科的形成都不是一蹴而就的， 法国的汉语研究亦是如此。在1814年法兰西学院设立第一个汉学教席之前，法国汉语和中国语言文化的研究在路易十四时期就已经处于汉学的萌芽阶段。 学界普遍认为这一阶段是传教士汉学，尤其是1685年法国国王数学家的贡献非常重要，这是无需争辩的事实。本文希望通过梳理十八世纪法国国内学者的汉语学习的史料来探讨这一时期法国学者对汉学形成的的贡献和影响
Ecological forecasts highlight opposing effects of long‐term climate change on population demography
No full textInternational audienceAbstract The multifaceted impacts of global climate change on biota challenge our understanding and capability of anticipating the long‐term viability of wild populations, which is an emergent property of ecological systems. Using Bayesian integrated population modeling, sensitivity analyses, and ecological forecasting, we investigate how climate variability shapes the long‐term population dynamics of a species highly sensitive to climate change: the emperor penguin ( Aptenodytes forsteri ). Leveraging a multi‐decadal database from Pointe Géologie, East Antarctica, we assess penguin sensitivity to multiple environmental drivers and produce anticipatory projections of the emerging population trajectories under the noise of forecasted climatic changes. We found that receding fast ice during chick‐rearing, leading to reduced commuting distances to open water, improves breeding success. Conversely, ocean warming and stronger winds negatively impact adult survival, possibly due to changes in Antarctic marine productivity. These contrasting effects of ocean warming and sea ice contractions on adult survival and breeding success, the most important contributors to the realized population growth rate, indicate opposing effects of climate change on penguins. Using forecasts, we explored how these opposing forces will jointly determine long‐term emperor penguin population dynamics. We found that the increased breeding success linked to reductions in fast ice may buffer and delay population declines by over a decade. However, ocean warming and its likely repercussions to the food web and adult survival will ultimately drive population declines. While forecasting is well established in climate science, ecological forecasting faces distinct challenges, including shorter and less defined predictability horizons, greater stochasticity, and limited long‐term data. Yet, forecasts can be used to understand and anticipate population responses, which is particularly valuable, given the urgent need to define proactive conservation plans. Here, forecasts reveal contrasting demographic impacts of sea ice loss and ocean warming on emperor penguins. Our approach, adaptable to other species and systems, highlights the value of anticipatory projections for disentangling and quantifying drivers of long‐term population change
Evidence of megathrust earthquakes and seismic supercycles in subtropical Japan from millennia-old coral microatolls
No full textInternational audienceAbstract Megathrust earthquakes in subduction zones often go unreported because they are rare and the historical record is short. On the Ryukyu subduction zone of southwestern Japan, unlike neighboring Nankai Trough, the history and future potential of great interplate earthquakes are not well known. While the geodetic measurements on the islands suggest that the plate coupling is very weak, recent observations of slow seismic events as well as offshore geodetic measurements imply the presence of coupled patches along the megathrust. Furthermore, the historical and geological studies indicate evidence of great tsunamis. Here, we use fossil microatolls in Ishigaki island to reconstruct the relative sea level in the Holocene. The coral record reveals several relative emergence episodes clustering between 5-4 and 3-2 thousand years ago (ka). Elastic modeling shows that the observed motions can correspond to coseismic uplift associated with megathrust earthquakes. The clusters of megathrust events suggest possible supercycles of earthquakes with a recurrence interval of more than 2 ka. Such results imply a strong seismic hazard for the upcoming centuries. The devastating 1771 Meiwa earthquake and associated tsunami may mark the onset of the most recent seismic supercycle
Post-breeding season behaviour of a threatened population of subtropical brown skuas
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Immersive Rehabilitation Therapy (MoveR) Improves Postural and Visuo-Attentional Skills in Children with ADHD: A Clinical Study
No full textInternational audienceBackground: Motor as well as attentional skills are deficient in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The aim of the present study was to explore whether a short immersive rehabilitation therapy could improve motor and visuo-attentional capabilities in children with ADHD. Methods: Forty children with ADHD participated in this study; IQ-, sex-and age-matched children were splitted in two groups (G1 and G2) of twenty. An unpredictable random sequence was used to allocate a child to group G1 (trained group) or G2 (control group). Oculomotor and postural performance for both groups of children were objectively assessed twice (before and after 16 min) by using an eye tracker and platform. Group G1 only underwent 16 min of immersive rehabilitation therapy, while the control group (G2) had 16 min of resting. The immersive therapy consisted of performing physical movement while training visual discrimination, attention and spatial orientation skills. Results: After 16 min, significant improvements in the fixation area (p = 0.008) and in the number of catch-up saccades during pursuit eye movements (p < 0.001), as well as a smaller postural instability index (PII) (p < 0.001), were observed for the trained group (G1) only. Conclusions: These findings suggest that children with ADHD could benefit from a short immersive therapy to improve both visualattention and motor performances. This new immersive therapy is a useful tool allowing a better integration of both visual and motor sensory inputs via the cortico/cerebellar network. Follow-up studies on a larger number of children with ADHD will be necessary to explore the eventual possible persistence of such a training effect and imaging works will help to understand where such adaptive mechanisms take place
TH-CHAIN: A Trust-Aware Hybrid Consensus Protocol for BlockCHAIN enabled Industrial CPS
No full textInternational audienceThis paper proposes a blockchain-based framework tailored for Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems (ICPS) to ensure secure, transparent, and efficient management of assets and data in smart environments. The framework introduces a novel hybrid blockchain architecture (TH-CHAIN), combining Proof of Work (PoW), Proof of Stake (PoS), and Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) to enhance security, decentralization, and scalability. Specifically, the proposed hybrid consensus adopts a role-based and layered design in which PoW is used to guarantee initial block robustness and resistance to low-level attacks, PoS regulates validator eligibility based on long-term participation and stake, and DPoS enables fast block confirmation through a selected set of trusted managers. Key contributions include the Validation Trust Algorithm (VTA), which streamlines block validation processes by ranking network managers based on confidence factors, and secure communication protocols that protect private keys and data privacy. TH-CHAIN ensures fault tolerance, resilience to attacks, and seamless IoT device integration, which is critical for applications in Industry 4.0, healthcare, and smart cities. Experimental results demonstrate the robustness of the proposed framework in mitigating threats such as the 51% attack, man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks, and double-spending vulnerabilities. By leveraging lightweight cryptographic techniques, the proposed design reduces validation overhead while preserving strong security guarantees, making TH-CHAIN suitable for large-scale, real-time operations in resource-constrained environments
Tracking data reveal both indirect and direct interactions between killer whales and fisheries in subantarctic waters
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From aggregate to composite: Design of flax-based concretes through thermal treatment and hemp synergy for controlled construction practices
No full textInternational audienceBio-based composites are promising materials for low-carbon, moisture-regulating building envelopes, yet flax–lime composites are limited by the high-water sensitivity of flax shives, which disrupts binder hydration and reduces mechanical robustness. This study addresses the challenge of controlling flax–binder water competition while preserving the open porosity required for hygrothermal performance. Flax–lime and flax–hemp composites were investigated using three water-management strategies: baseline mixing, flax pre-wetting, and mild thermal treatment of flax shives (80–160 °C) combined with water-to-binder adjustment. A multi-scale experimental approach linked shive morphology and chemistry to composite properties through microscopy and thermal analysis, water absorption kinetics, thermal conductivity, compressive strength, and vapor permeability. Thermal treatment at 120 °C for 2 h reduced early water uptake by 32% and decreased intrinsic shive thermal conductivity by 20%. At the composite scale, treated flax at 14% shive content lowered thermal conductivity from 97.7 to 74.0 mW·m−1 K−1 while maintaining mechanical reliability, further improved by water-to-binder optimization. Pre-wetting enhanced strength but significantly reduced vapor permeability. A vapor-transport percolation threshold was identified near 14% shive content. Overall, mild thermal treatment combined with controlled water balance offers a robust hygrothermal–mechanical compromise for breathable, low-impact flax-based infill materials