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L'impact des technologies de réalité étendue (XR) sur l'amélioration de l'expérience du patrimoine culturel : une analyse bibliométrique
No full textInternational audienceIn recent decades, Extended Reality (XR) technologies, including Augmented Reality (AR), Virtual Reality (VR), and Mixed Reality (MR), have been increasingly adopted by cultural institutions to enhance heritage preservation and offer new modes of engagement. This shift has generated growing interest in international research, with a significant rise in publications over the past decade focusing on how visitors perceive and evaluate these technologies. This study presents a bibliometric analysis of academic literature from 1985 to 2024, using a PRISMA-based protocol to rigorously identify relevant studies. The aim was to map the development of research on the topic, identify key trends, and assess the methodologies used to evaluate the impact of immersive technologies on cultural experiences. The findings highlight four main areas of investigation: the role of XR in cultural tourism, its effect on visitor behavior, its contribution to learning processes, and the factors influencing its acceptance and adoption. In conclusion, the study identifies emerging research directions and underscores the need for further exploration of the long-term implications of XR in cultural heritage engagement.Au cours des dernières décennies, les technologies de réalité étendue (XR), notamment la réalité augmentée (RA), la réalité virtuelle (RV) et la réalité mixte (RM), ont été de plus en plus adoptées par les institutions culturelles afin d'améliorer la préservation du patrimoine et d'offrir de nouveaux modes d'engagement. Cette évolution a suscité un intérêt croissant pour la recherche internationale, avec une augmentation significative des publications au cours de la dernière décennie axées sur la manière dont les visiteurs perçoivent et évaluent ces technologies. Cette étude présente une analyse bibliométrique de la littérature universitaire de 1985 à 2024, en utilisant un protocole basé sur PRISMA pour identifier rigoureusement les études pertinentes. L'objectif était de cartographier l'évolution de la recherche sur le sujet, d'identifier les principales tendances et d'évaluer les méthodologies utilisées pour évaluer l'impact des technologies immersives sur les expériences culturelles. Les résultats mettent en évidence quatre grands domaines d'investigation : le rôle de la réalité étendue dans le tourisme culturel, son effet sur le comportement des visiteurs, sa contribution aux processus d'apprentissage et les facteurs influençant son acceptation et son adoption. En conclusion, l'étude identifie les nouvelles orientations de la recherche et souligne la nécessité d'explorer davantage les implications à long terme de la réalité étendue dans l'engagement en faveur du patrimoine culturel.In recent decades, Extended Reality (XR) technologies, including Augmented Reality (AR), Virtual Reality (VR), and Mixed Reality (MR), have been increasingly adopted by cultural institutions to enhance heritage preservation and offer new modes of engagement. This shift has generated growing interest in international research, with a significant rise in publications over the past decade focusing on how visitors perceive and evaluate these technologies. This study presents a bibliometric analysis of academic literature from 1985 to 2024, using a PRISMA-based protocol to rigorously identify relevant studies. The aim was to map the development of research on the topic, identify key trends, and assess the methodologies used to evaluate the impact of immersive technologies on cultural experiences. The findings highlight four main areas of investigation: the role of XR in cultural tourism, its effect on visitor behavior, its contribution to learning processes, and the factors influencing its acceptance and adoption. In conclusion, the study identifies emerging research directions and underscores the need for further exploration of the long-term implications of XR in cultural heritage engagement. Negli ultimi decenni, le tecnologie Extended Reality (XR), tra cui la Realtà Aumentata (AR), la Realtà Virtuale (VR) e la Realtà Mista (MR), sono state progressivamente adottate dalle istituzioni culturali per favorire la conservazione del patrimonio e offrire nuove modalità di fruizione. Questo cambiamento ha suscitato un crescente interesse nella ricerca accademica, con un notevole aumento delle pubblicazioni incentrate sulla percezione e valutazione di tali tecnologie da parte dei visitatori. Il presente studio propone un’analisi bibliometrica della letteratura accademica dal 1985 al 2024, utilizzando un protocollo di selezione basato sulle linee guida PRISMA al fine di garantire un’identificazione rigorosa degli studi rilevanti. L’obiettivo è quello di mappare l’evoluzione della ricerca accademica, individuare le principali tendenze e analizzare le metodologie impiegate per valutare l’impatto delle tecnologie immersive sulle esperienze culturali. I risultati evidenziano quattro principali ambiti di indagine: il ruolo della XR nel turismo culturale, il suo effetto sul comportamento dei visitatori, il contributo ai processi di apprendimento e i fattori che ne influenzano l’accettazione e l’adozione. In conclusione, lo studio individua nuove direzioni emergenti nella ricerca e sottolinea la necessità di approfondire le implicazioni a lungo termine dell’impiego della XR nella valorizzazione del patrimonio culturale
Le Pesticide Load Index montre une évolution ambiguë des risques liés aux pesticides en France
No full textPesticide use has strong adverse effect on biodiversity, human health and ecosystem functioning. Numerous policies have been proposed to reduce their use and associated risk but evaluations of changes in pesticide risk over time and space are still rare. Here, we evaluate temporal and spatial trends of pesticide risk in France between 2012-2022 using the Pesticide Load Index. The Pesticide Load Index assesses ecotoxicity, fate and human health risks of pesticides, and has been previously employed in the UK and Denmark. Pesticide Load Index was evaluated accounting for 294 different active ingredients and 3308 commercial products (99% of sold pesticides mass). We found that pesticide risk has decreased by 29% from 2012 to 2022, mainly due to a reduction in the Ecotoxicity Load (-37.4%) linked to the ban of most toxic active substances, while the Fate Load increased by 13.2% and no significant change was observed in the Human Health Load. Insecticides contributed nearly half (47.6%) of the Pesticide Load Index despite accounting for only 11.2% of the total mass of commercial pesticide products. We also found that the Pesticide Load Index and its three sub-indices were spatially correlated, with higher risks consistently observed in the North and West of France, where beet crops, vineyards, and vegetable cultivation are predominant. Our study identifies priority areas for the mitigation of pesticide contamination, and provides data for public policies to further reduce the use of the most toxic pesticides, focusing not only on biodiversity, but also human health risks and the environmental persistence of pesticides
NiO whiskers growth driven by the presence of Pt nanoparticles during Ni-base superalloy oxidation
No full textInternational audienceThe formation and growth of NiO whiskers on a platinum-containing nickel-base superalloy was monitored continuously up to 113 hours, at 920°C, under 50 Pa of air, using High-Temperature Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy. The images recorded revealed that two types of whiskers form and grow at two different stages of the oxidation process. The first type of whisker forms as soon as the isothermal plateau at 920°C is reached. The growth rate is greater than 500 nm/min. After a few hours of isothermal oxidation, these whiskers have grown and are integrated into the oxide layer covering the surface of the sample. The second type of NiO whiskers forms after 20 hours of isothermal stabilization. They grow at a rate of around 1 to 10 nm/min for several tens of hours. The formation and growth of these whiskers is directly linked to the presence of platinum nanoparticles on the surface of the alloy. The mechanisms of whiskers formation and growth are discussed
Co-benefits of sustainable adaptation in enhancing climate resilience of reinforced concrete bridges
No full textInternational audienceIn the face of climate change, reinforced concrete (RC) bridges would encounter significant risks, indicating the need for effective adaptation measures. Adaptation strategies are designed to improve the climate resilience of bridges for specific climate-related hazards; however, their implementation could address several climate-change effects generating co-benefits that increase the cost-effectiveness of such adaptation solutions. This paper explores the co-benefits of climate adaptation measures for RC bridges and how sustainability and resilience can be achieved through these measures. It also investigates the integration of climate adaptation practices into existing structural codes. The chosen approach includes mapping and analyzing: (i) impacts of climate change on RC bridges and (ii) the co-benefits of different adaptation measures. The findings highlight the complex relationships and compound effects characterizing climate-change impacts on RC bridges. The study also points out the necessity to further investigate the economic viability and long-term performance of adaptation measures, as well as the trade-offs involved in extending a bridge's lifespan-especially for measures that may initially appear non-sustainable
Load profile analysis for characterizing the electrical flexibility potential and its variability of university buildings
No full textInternational audienceWith the increasing penetration of intermittent renewable energy and the electrification of various usages, demand-side flexibility has become essential to maintain the balance of power grids. Buildings, accounting for 30% of the world's total final energy consumption, can play a key role in this requirement by modulating their consumption. Moreover, metering data has become more accessible and of better quality worldwide, opening up opportunities to develop flexibility services based on robust and reliable data analysis in non-residential buildings. This study aims to develop a data analysis methodology to quantify the electrical flexibility potential of a building and to deter-mine the influence of data type in the quantification process. To achieve this, three different methods based on three different types of data are tested to quantify this potential and to identify the added value of more detailed data. The analysis was performed on a dataset of electricity demand measurements collected over a period of 11 months in university buildings in France. The results show that the third method, based on time series of electricity consumption data at the sub-meter level, provides the best ac-curacy with a CVRMSE of 22 % and a NMBE of -4 %
Study of the anisotropic effects of hydrogen on the subsurface mechanical behavior of nickel single crystal by nanoindentation
No full textInternational audienc
Whistles characterisation using artificial intelligence reveals responses of short-beaked common dolphins to a bio-inspired acoustic mitigation device for fishing nets
No full textInternational audienceUnderstanding cetacean whistles is crucial for assessing their social interactions, behaviours, and responses to anthropic activities. Identifying the various types of whistles present in acoustic recordings is often challenging, but necessary for this purpose. To facilitate this process, we have developed a semi-automated deep learning approach called the "Draw Your Own Contours" (DYOC) method. This is available as an open-source software along with its associated dataset. It utilises YOLOv8m and ResNet18 to identify whistle contours. DYOC was applied to 808 minutes of audio recordings of wild, free-ranging short-beaked common dolphins from the Bay of Biscay, France. It enabled the annotation of 8,730 whistle contours, six times faster than manual annotation. These recordings were associated with observations of dolphin behaviour, the presence of fishing nets, and the activation of the DOLPHINFREE acoustic beacon. Analyses revealed that these variables affected the signal-to-noise ratio, the number of inflections, and the frequency and/or duration of recorded whistles. This study provides the first characterisation of whistle features for a population of shortbeaked common dolphins in the Bay of Biscay. The annotation of whistle contours using the DYOC method helped reveal the complex acoustic behaviour of dolphins in response to external variables
Heparanase 1 produced by keratinocytes contributes to psoriatic inflammation by promoting neutrophil infiltration
No full textInternational audiencePsoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by keratinocyte hyperproliferation, abnormal differentiation, and immune cell infiltration, driven by a pro-inflammatory microenvironment involving cytokines, and diverse enzymatic activities. Among them, are the two heparanases, Heparanase 1 (HPA1), an endo-β-D-glucuronidase that cleaves heparan sulfate and contributes to extracellular matrix remodeling and inflammatory cell recruitment, and Heparanase 2 (HPA2), which lacks enzymatic activity and acts as an antagonist of HPA1. While their roles are established in cancer and inflammation, their involvment in psoriasis remains underexplored, despite the intense matrix remodeling and inflammatory cell recruitment characteristic of the disease. We found increased HPA1 and decreased HPA2 expression in human psoriatic lesions, with normalization following anti-TNF-α therapy. In vitro, HPA1 expression and activity are enhanced in keratinocytes stimulated with the psoriasiform cytokine combination IL-1α, IL-17A and TNF-α, while HPA1 inhibition dampens pro-inflammatory cytokine production. In vivo, imiquimod-induced psoriasiform inflammation in mice shows similar patterns of Hpa1 upregulation, Hpa2 downregulation, and Hpa1-dependent chemokines production and neutrophils recruitmentto lesional sites. These findings suggest that HPA1 and HPA2 contribute to the establishment and/or maintenance of psoriatic lesions. Modulating their expression or activity could provide a more precise understanding of their contribution to skin inflammation