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De la thérapie de choc à l’héritage contesté : le décret 21060 en Bolivie (1985-2025)
No full textInternational audienceLe 29 août 1985, le président bolivien Victor Paz Estenssoro a signé le décret 21060,soumettant le pays à une « thérapie de choc » économique et initiant ce qui serait plus tardappelé le « cycle néolibéral en Bolivie ». Ce texte, souvent considéré comme ayant marqué untournant dans l’histoire contemporaine du pays, a été adopté dans un contexte de criseéconomique et politique aiguë. Pour les critiques du « capitalisme d’Etat » instauré après laRévolution nationale de 19521, l’hyperinflation, la chute des cours de l’étain et une instabilitésociale extrême obligeaient à un ajustement radical. Le décret 21060 devait permettre destabiliser l’économie, libéraliser les marchés et restructurer l’Etat, mais allait également avoirdes conséquences profondes sur les dynamiques sociales et politiques du pays.Quarante ans après son adoption, ce décret continue de susciter des débats passionnés.L’élection présidentielle de 2025, remportée par Jaime Paz Pereira sous la bannière d’un« capitalisme populaire », en a témoigné : ce texte historique a été tantôt célébré comme unpilier de la stabilisation économique, tantôt critiqué pour ses conséquences sociales et lescontroverses entourant sa mise en oeuvre. Ce point de fixation invite à examiner de plus prèsles répercussions de ce décret sur la gouvernance, l’économie, la politique et la société boliviennes
Do penguins care about on-paper boundaries? Conservation implications of spatio-temporal winter consistency in an Antarctic sentinel species
No full textInternational audienceUnderstanding the spatial and temporal at-sea distribution of marine predators throughout their annual cycle is crucial for identifying priority areas for conservation in the Southern Ocean. However, the delimitation of boundaries of the proposed East Antarctic Marine Protected Area (EAMPA) is largely based on species' breeding distributions, overlooking seasonal and annual shifts driven by sea ice variability. We studied the non-breeding distribution and space use of a key Antarctic eco-indicator species, the Adélie penguin, by tracking 62 individuals from Terre Adélie over five years using geolocators. Moulting occurred in areas of low sea ice concentration (SIC), whereas during winter, penguins migrated on average 1550 km westward from the colony to areas along the sea ice edge with high SIC (75 %). The inter-annual overlap of wintering grounds revealed high spatiotemporal consistency, indicating productive regions. Despite variability across years, tracked individuals moulted predominantly outside the proposed EAMPA, and only 16.3 % of winter locations fell within its boundaries. These findings provide new insights into the non-breeding ecology of Adélie penguins, and highlight a relevant gap in spatial coverage of critical moulting and wintering areas of this highly mobile species in the current EAMPA proposal
Cetaceans exhibit region-specific habitat preferences across tropical waters
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L’artiste face au défi des différences dans l’espace francophone
No full textInternational audienceAlors que la mondialisation tend à rimer avec uniformisation, la création artistique constitue l’un des « espaces refuges » où s’exprime et se manifeste la différence, sous des formes variées. Caractérisé par sa diversité et son ouverture, mais aussi marqué dans son histoire par la discrimination, et pour certains pays du Sud par le fait colonial, l’espace francophone se prête à l’exploration de cette problématique. Cet ouvrage est le fruit de la réflexion de chercheurs de dix pays, réunis à Biarritz en 2023, à l’invitation du Réseau FrancophoNéA, en partenariat avec le Théâtre du Versant
Perceived Normal and Pathological Aging? A Cross-cultural Comparison Between French and Congolese
No full textInternational audienceDespite well-established cultural nuances regarding the perception of aging, there is a paucity of research specifically examining how different cultures distinguish between normal aging processes and pathological conditions in older adults. The present study aimed to offer insights into the socio-cultural influences on this distinction. It addressed this gap by comparing the perception of 516 French and 210 Congolese individuals. A specially designed 55-item questionnaire depicting various situations involving older individuals was administered in paper format. Participants assessed each situation on a Likert-type scale as indicative of either normal or pathological aging. The situations depicted cognitive, behavioral, and emotional changes commonly associated with neurocognitive disorders as an illustration of pathological aging. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and linear regression modeling. In line with our hypothesis, French participants rated more severely the situations compared to Congolese participants. Moreover, French participants performed better in differentiating between situations illustrating normal or pathological aging, while Congolese individuals considered all situations as reflecting normal aging. This research showed that perception of normal or pathological behavior in aging is not universally shared across cultures. It also revealed that the general population lacks scientific knowledge on normal and pathological aging, outlining a need for improvement regarding public education. Differences between populations also suggest that public education should be specifically tailored and contextualized to improve knowledge on aging. We encourage further studies on African populations from a neuropsychological perspective for better representativeness of the human species and to facilitate access to unbiased scientific knowledge
Contrasted habitat selection among Eurasian curlew populations according to landscape heterogeneity and breeding stage
No full textInternational audienceSince the late 1970s, European landscapes have been severely degraded by the intensification of agricultural practices that replaced the historical mosaic of natural and agricultural environments with an increasingly uniform landscape. This homogenization of the mosaic structure has led to a depletion of available resources for farmland birds, resulting in a decline in their populations. This study aimed to quantify the relationships between spatial landscape heterogeneity and the spatio-temporal use of breeding habitats by Eurasian curlews (Numenius arquata) in contrasting agricultural landscapes. From 2020 to 2024, we tracked 64 adult curlews with global positioning system tags in 5 breeding sites with contrasting population dynamics in France (i.e., 2 declining, 2 increasing, and 1 stable). We assessed variations in home range size and habitat use according to breeding stage (i.e., pre-incubation, incubation, chick rearing, pre-migration), and assessed foraging habitat selection. Home ranges were small and did not differ in size among sites (mean ± SD = 97.4 ± 43.6 ha), although the</div
Genomic Divergence Between <i>Octopus vulgaris</i> and Its Undescribed Sister Species From the South Atlantic and Indian Ocean
No full textInternational audienceMolecular data are widely used to resolve complex phylogenetic relationships between cryptic species, particularly in cases where morphological features are insufficient to confirm taxonomic distinctness. For benthic shallow-water octopuses, several successes and failures have been reported when attempting to delineate species using individual nuclear or mitochondrial markers. In this study, we investigated the potential of shallow random shotgun sequencing to assess the phylogenetic placement of an undescribed southern hemisphere lineage within the Octopus vulgaris species complex, which could not be conclusively delimited using single-marker approaches. A total of 338 nuclear loci, along with complete mitochondrial genomes, were generated for two specimens presently classified as Octopus vulgaris (Type III) that originated from the southeastern Atlantic coast of South Africa and Amsterdam Island in the southern Indian Ocean. Our combined phylogenomic approach reveals that this lineage is genetically distinct from O. vulgaris sensu stricto (ss) from the Mediterranean and the northeast Atlantic, as well as from the closely related O. sinensis from East Asia. A further separation of O. vulgaris (Type III) into distinct South African and Amsterdam Island lineages cannot be proven. These findings add to the growing body of evidence that supports O. vulgaris Type III as a genetically distinct lineage within the O. vulgaris species complex, and emphasise that the taxonomic classification of this southern hemisphere lineage warrants re-evaluation
Risk-taking behavior related to mercury contamination in a high Arctic seabird
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Exposure to a mixture of organic pollutants in a threatened freshwater turtle Emys orbicularis: effects of age, sex, and temporal variation
No full textInternational audienceFreshwater ecosystems constitute major sinks for organic contaminants, increasing anthropogenic pressures and threatening the unique biodiversity they harbour. In addition to persistent legacy compounds, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), various pollutants are less persistent but are chronically released, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalate diesters (PAEs), pyrethroid pesticides, and insect repellent. Heretofore, these pollutants have received insufficient attention in freshwater reptiles, considering their potential to trigger detrimental effects on organisms. During two years (2019 and 2020), we quantified plasma levels of 46 compounds from 7 chemical families in two monitored populations of the protected European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis) in the Camargue wetland, France. PAHs and PAEs were found predominantly and concomitantly, with similar occurrences and levels in the two populations. We observed similar inter-annual variations in PAHs and PAEs with differences between males and females, highlighting the need for a better assessment of the role of sex in the exposure pathway and the toxicokinetics of contaminants, especially in turtles. The negative relationship between PAH levels and age, as well as the high intra-individual variation in levels of both contaminant families, provides further evidence of limited bioaccumulation of these pollutants in the blood of E. orbicularis. This could be explained by the metabolic biotransformation of parent compounds, highlighting the need to quantify the levels of PAH metabolites and phthalate monoesters. Finally, our work underscores the importance of long-term monitoring to better determine the vulnerability of turtle populations already exposed to a wide range of contaminants.</div
Les vestiges de la Seconde Guerre mondiale dans l’Ouest de la France : archéologie, paysage et mémoire
No full textInternational audienceThis article analyses a landscape born of the Occupation and its materiality between integration into the urban fabric, memory and archaeological research. It begins by providing a historiographical overview of the Pays de la Loire and Normandy regions, two areas where archaeological contexts dating from the Second World War have been extensively investigated and form a continuous landscape. It then describes the various materialities of this period of conflict, both visible, still standing, and invisible, as they sometimes consist only of a few traces left in the subsoil. The former includes fortifications and shipwrecks, while the latter includes internment camps, logistical and communications structures, and battlefields. This development of our knowledge of the archaeology of recent conflicts, the legal status of these remains and their typologies finally leads us to question the perception and reappropriation of war remains between memory vectors, urban and societal issues. Moreover, this article offers new reflections on archaeology as a catalyst for the memory of former militarised territories, in order to make the reality of war legible, to look beyond the Atlantic Wall in the West and to question the construction of memories of the Second World War. As such, these new materialities, as well as the limitations encountered and the solutions to overcome them, should serve as a basis for a comprehensive reflection at the territorial level.Cet article analyse un paysage né de l’Occupation et sa matérialité entre intégration dans la trame urbaine, mémoire et recherche archéologique. Il dresse de prime abord un bilan historiographique à l’échelle des Pays de la Loire et de la Normandie, deux régions où les contextes archéologiques datés de la Seconde Guerre mondiale sont largement investigués et forment une continuité paysagère. Sont ensuite décrits les différentes matérialités de cette période de conflit à la fois visible, encore en élévation, et invisible car parfois constitué que de quelques empreintes laissées dans le sous-sol. La première fait ainsi état des fortifications et des épaves de navires, la seconde des camps d’enferment, des structures logistiques et de communications, puis des champs de bataille. Ce développement sur nos connaissances en matière d’archéologie des conflits récents, du statut légal de ces vestiges et de leurs typologies nous amène enfin à nous interroger sur la perception et la réappropriation des vestiges de guerre entre vecteurs mémoriels, enjeux urbains et sociétaux. Au demeurant, cet article propose des réflexions nouvelles sur l’archéologie en tant que catalyseur pour la mémoire des anciens territoires militarisés pour rendre lisible le fait de guerre, dépasser l’horizon du Mur de l’Atlantique dans l’Ouest et interroger la construction des mémoires du second conflit mondial. À ce titre, ces nouvelles matérialités ainsi que les limites rencontrées et les solutions pour les dépasser doivent servir de socle pour une réflexion globale à l’échelle d’un territoire