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Heroin choice depends on income level and economy type
No full textPsychopharmacology, Volume 237, Issue 5, 1 May 2020, Pages 1447-1457.Rationale: In a previous study, investigating choice between heroin and a non-drug alternative in animals and reductions in income (i.e., choices/day) caused the percentage of income spent on heroin to progressively decrease. In contrast, another study found that humans with opioid use disorder spent the majority of their income on heroin even though they had little income. Comparison of these two studies suggests that the seemingly conflicting results could be explained by differences in the underlying economy types of the choice alternatives. Objective: The present experiment tested the hypothesis that the effect of income changes on choice between heroin and a non-drug alternative depends on economy type. Methods: Rats chose between heroin and saccharin under three income levels. For the Closed group, the choice session was the only opportunity to obtain these reinforcers. For the Heroin Open group and the Saccharin Open group, choice sessions were followed by 3-h periods of unlimited access to heroin or saccharin, respectively. Results: As income decreased, the Closed and Heroin Open groups, but not the Saccharin Open group, spent an increasingly greater percentage of income on saccharin than on heroin. The Saccharin Open group, compared to the other groups, spent a greater percentage of income on heroin as income decreased. Conclusions: Results confirm that the effects of income and economy type can interact and this may explain the apparently discrepant results of earlier studies. More generally, findings suggest that situations where heroin choice has little consequence for consumption of non-drug alternatives may promote heroin use
Instructional Design within Reach: A Collaborative Approach to Creating Meaningful Library Instruction Online
No full textAt the George Washington University, instructional designers and librarians are part of the same unit, allowing for greater collaboration between groups supporting teaching and learning throughout the university. In order to prepare for a fully virtual Fall semester, instructional designers and librarians worked together over the summer of 2020 to transition courses and library information literacy instruction online. Content in this briefing will include:
- An introduction to key instructional design principles, technologies, and pedagogies with an emphasis on alignment, interactivity, and accessibility for online instruction.
- Practical applications of these principles for online information literacy instruction.
- Designing and deploying high-quality asynchronous information literacy learning modules.
- Tips for engaging students in the virtual classroom.
- Strategies for assessment and gathering feedback from students and other stakeholders.
- Approaches to building organizational knowledge.
Virtual instruction is here to stay in some shape or form, and applying instructional design principles to your teaching is within reach.A presentation that was delivered online in the Thirteenth Annual Symposium, "Bridging the Spectrum: A Symposium on Scholarship and Practice in Library and Information Science" at the Catholic University of America in 2021
Documentary films and grassroots engagement for immigration justice: a study of the Stories Beyond Borders initiative
No full textThis report was written by CMSI’s Aras Coskuntuncel (lead researcher), Caty Borum Chattoo, and David Conrad-Pérez. Varsha Ramani, CMSI communications and program manager, facilitated operations and communication support. This research was funded by a grant from Working Films
Resource guide on documentary storytelling for community engagement
No full textThis resource guide was prepared by Radical Optimist Collective to provide documentary filmmakers,
impact producers, public broadcasters, and civic and community groups with a set of insights and
resources to inform the use of documentary films to facilitate engagement, dialogue and community
building around urgent social justice issues, including racism, racial violence and racial justice in America.Prepared by Radical Optimist Collective and CMSI, this guide was created based on lessons learned during a participatory research study — Breaking the Silence: How Documentaries Can Shape The Conversation on Racial Violence in America and Create New Communities— held in seven communities across the country in February of 2020, which used a community screening of the documentary Always in Season to catalyze community conversations and break long-standing cultures of silence around issues of racial violence
Visualizing Historical Changes to the Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM)
No full textThis pilot project started with a request from the BAM Council Chair, whose “primary interest is to eventually have access to older versions to understand historical changes that have occurred between methods in earlier editions of BAM and current versions of the methods.”
Using tools and software that facilitate the recognition, extraction, cleaning, and transforming of print data, all eight editions of the Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) were digitized for further analysis. The digitized PDFs were OCRed and are searchable.
The digitized manuals were added to the FDA Library’s repository and are discoverable in FindIT, the FDA Library's Ex Libris Primo instance. The record was enhanced with MeSH headings based on the Tables of Contents which provide metadata for researchers wishing to explore using text mining or natural language processing. The FindIT catalog record brings together access to all digital editions, the current online edition, Excel spreadsheets, and Tableau Viz
The extent and drivers of gender imbalance in neuroscience reference lists
No full textNature Neuroscience, Volume 23, Issue 8, 1 August 2020, Pages 918-926.Similarly to many scientific disciplines, neuroscience has increasingly attempted to confront pervasive gender imbalances. Although publishing and conference participation are often highlighted, recent research has called attention to the prevalence of gender imbalance in citations. Because of the downstream effects of citations on visibility and career advancement, understanding the role of gender in citation practices is vital for addressing scientific inequity. Here, we investigate whether gendered patterns are present in neuroscience citations. Using data from five top neuroscience journals, we find that reference lists tend to include more papers with men as first and last author than would be expected if gender were unrelated to referencing. Importantly, we show that this imbalance is driven largely by the citation practices of men and is increasing over time as the field diversifies. We assess and discuss possible mechanisms and consider how researchers might approach these issues in their own work
The impact of treatment expectations on exposure process and treatment outcome in childhood anxiety disorders
No full textJournal of Abnormal Child Psychology, Volume 48, Issue 1, 1 January 2020, Pages 79-89.This study examined the relationship between caregivers’ and youths’ treatment expectations and characteristics of exposure tasks (quantity, mastery, compliance) in cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for childhood anxiety. Additionally, compliance with exposure tasks was tested as a mediator of the relationship between treatment expectations and symptom improvement. Data were from youth (N = 279; 7–17 years old) enrolled in the Child/Adolescent Anxiety Multimodal Study (CAMS) and randomized to cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) or the combination of CBT and sertraline for the treatment of separation anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and social phobia. Caregivers and youth independently reported treatment expectations prior to randomization, anxiety was assessed pre- and post-treatment by independent evaluators blind to treatment condition, and exposure characteristics were recorded by the cognitive-behavioral therapists following each session. For both caregivers and youths, more positive expectations that anxiety would improve with treatment were associated with greater compliance with exposure tasks, and compliance mediated the relationship between treatment expectations and change in anxiety symptoms following treatment. Additionally, more positive parent treatment expectations were related to a greater number and percentage of sessions with exposure. More positive youth treatment expectations were associated with greater mastery during sessions focused on exposure. Findings underscore the importance of addressing parents’ and youths’ treatment expectations at the outset of therapy to facilitate engagement in exposure and maximize therapeutic gains
IVA using complex multivariate GGD: application to fMRI analysis
No full textMultidimensional Systems and Signal Processing, Volume 31, Issue 2, 1 April 2020, Pages 725-744.Examples of complex-valued random phenomena in science and engineering are abound, and joint blind source separation (JBSS) provides an effective way to analyze multiset data. Thus there is a need for flexible JBSS algorithms for efficient data-driven feature extraction in the complex domain. Independent vector analysis (IVA) is a prominent recent extension of independent component analysis to multivariate sources, i.e., to perform JBSS, but its effectiveness is determined by how well the source models used match the true latent distributions and the optimization algorithm employed. The complex multivariate generalized Gaussian distribution (CMGGD) is a simple, yet effective parameterized family of distributions that account for full second- and higher-order statistics including noncircularity, a property that has been often omitted for convenience. In this paper, we marry IVA and CMGGD to derive, IVA-CMGGD, with a number of numerical optimization implementations including steepest descent, the quasi-Newton method Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno (BFGS), and its limited-memory sibling limited-memory BFGS all in the complex-domain. We demonstrate the performance of our algorithm on simulated data as well as a 14-subject real-world complex-valued functional magnetic resonance imaging dataset against a number of competing algorithms