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Fair use in analytic writing
No full textThe College Art Association teamed up with the CMSI to simply the approach to the principles found within the Code of Best Practices in Fair Use for the Visual Arts. Today we take a closer look at Principle One: Analytic Writing.
Scholarly writing often relies on reproductions of artwork in all forms of media in order to publish. Authors may want to use copyrighted material to illustrate their conclusions. Because of this, and other reasons, writers may invoke fair use. Principle one of the Code sets the situations, principles, and limitations for those who partake in analytic writing
Collaborative strategies for social action filmmakers
No full textThis op-ed by Center Director Pat Aufderheide discusses the different forms that collaboration can take throughout the filmmaking process to benefit both the film and the community
Antiretroviral drug use and HIV drug resistance in female sex workers in Tanzania and the Dominican Republic
No full textPLoS ONE, Volume 15, Issue 10 October, October 2020, Article number e0240890.Objective
Female sex workers (FSW) have increased risk of HIV infection. Antiretroviral treatment (ART) can improve HIV outcomes and prevent HIV transmission. We analyzed antiretroviral (ARV) drug use and HIV drug resistance among HIV-positive FSW in the Dominican Republic and Tanzania.
Methods
Plasma samples collected at study entry with viral loads >1,000 copies/mL were tested for ARV drugs and HIV drug resistance. ARV drug testing was performed using a qualitative assay that detects 22 ARV drugs in five classes. HIV genotyping was performed using the ViroSeq HIV-1 Genotyping System. Phylogenetic analyses were performed to determine HIV subtype and assess transmission clusters.
Results
Among 410 FSW, 144 (35.1%) had viral loads >1,000 copies/mL (DR: n = 50; Tanzania: n = 94). ARV drugs were detected in 36 (25.0%) of 144 samples. HIV genotyping results were obtained for 138 (95.8%) cases. No transmission clusters were observed in either country. HIV drug resistance was detected in 54 (39.1%) of 138 samples (31/35 [88.6%] with drugs detected; 23/103 [22.3%] without drugs detected); 29/138 (21.0%) had multi-class resistance (MCR). None with MCR had integrase strand transfer inhibitor resistance. In eight cases, one or more ARV drug was detected without corresponding resistance mutations; those women were at risk of acquiring additional drug resistance. Using multivariate logistic regression, resistance was associated with ARV drug detection (p<0.001), self-reported ART (full adherence [p = 0.034]; partial adherence [p<0.001]), and duration of HIV infection (p = 0.013).
Conclusions
In this cohort, many women were on ART, but were not virally suppressed. High levels of HIV drug resistance, including MCR, were observed. Resistance was associated with detection of ARV drugs, self-report of ART with full or partial adherence, and duration of HIV infection. These findings highlight the need for better HIV care among FSW to improve their health, reduce HIV drug resistance, and decrease risk of transmission to others
Adaptation and carbon removal
No full textOne Earth, Volume 3, Issue 4, 23 October 2020, Pages 425-435.Carbon dioxide removal and climate change adaptation are rarely analyzed together, yet it is critical to consider the interactions between these forms of climate response. We identify ways to foreground adaptation in carbon removal policies and project designs and to incorporate carbon removal into adaptation efforts. Attempts at aligning adaptation and carbon removal may genuinely increase adaptive capacity or introduce new vulnerabilities, depending on policy and project design. Based upon four case studies of addressing adaptation needs with adaptive carbon removal, we find that effective implementation is likely to hinge upon predictable climate policy, innovative technical policies such as rigorous life-cycle assessment, and project design with local ecological conditions in mind. We propose three simple principles for integrating carbon removal and adaptation: identify opportunities for adaptive carbon removal in planning, prioritize adaptive value of projects, and give credit for carbon removed
Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) to coastal waters of Saipan (Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, USA): implications for nitrogen sources, transport and ecological effects
No full textWater (Switzerland), Volume 12, Issue 11, November 2020, Article number 3029.Seagrass meadows and coral reefs along the coast of Saipan, a US commonwealth in the Northern Pacific, have been declining since the 1940s, possibly due to nutrient loading. This study investigated whether submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) contributes to nutrient loading and supports primary production on Saipan’s coast. SGD can be an important source of freshwater, nutrients, and other pollutants to coastal waters, especially in oceanic islands without well-developed stream systems. Ra and Rn isotopes were used as natural tracers of SGD. Nitrate, phosphate, and ammonium concentrations, ancillary water quality parameters, δ15 N and δ18 O of dissolved nitrate, and δ15 N of primary producer tissue were measured. Our results pointed to discharge of low-salinity groundwater containing elevated concentrations of sewage-derived N at specific locations along Saipan’s coast. High SGD areas had lower salinity and pH, higher dissolved inorganic nitrogen concentrations, and elevated primary producer δ15 N, indicative of sewage nitrogen inputs. We estimated that SGD could support 730–6400 and 3000–15,000 mol C d−1 of primary production in Tanapag and Garapan Lagoons, respectively, or up to approximately 60% of primary production in Garapan Lagoon. Efforts to improve water quality, reduce nutrient loading, and preserve coastal ecosystems must account for groundwater, since our results demonstrate that it is an important pathway of nitrogen delivery
A display of dolls in the boxing ring with a virus
No full textTwo dolls in boxing uniforms and wearing boxing gloves are posed facing a virus in a blue miniature boxing ring.This location is sometimes referred to as 'The Barbie Pond' and frequently features Barbies in timely motifs
STANDARD DISPOSITION THEORY: AN EVALUATION OF THE FACTORS THAT PREVENT EQUAL JUSTICE
No full textThis dissertation examines sentencing outcomes in twelve Virginia circuit courts to assess the impact of various legal and extralegal factors on the severity of punishment. In this study, I use a mixed-methods approach to test potential influences related to the individual case, decision-maker, and county context. These factors act in tandem to form a new theoretical framework of sentencing titled “standard disposition theory.” This theory is offered as an explanation of punishment disparity for similarly situated defendants. To evaluate the validity of the proposed theory, I construct hierarchal structural equation models based on sentencing guidelines worksheets between January 2010 and June 2016. I supplement this analysis with interviews of commonwealth attorneys, public defenders, and probation officers. The findings challenge the belief that judges are the sole authoritative power in sentencing decisions. Instead, I argue that the courtroom workgroup as a collective acts as the arbiter of justice. In addition, the analyses provide support for the existence of standard sentences which deviate according to mode of conviction. Furthermore, the results also suggest that extralegal features of the defendant and local court context affect punishment outcomes. I conclude by discussing suggestions for future research and implications for policymakers.CriminologyLawcourtroom workgroup, criminal sentencing, standard dispositionJustice, Law and SocietyDegree Awarded: Ph.D. Justice, Law and Society. American Universit
Three people in masks stand in front of a recently sold home.
No full textThree people in masks stand in front of a recently sold home
