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Feasibility of implementing same-day antiretroviral therapy initiation during routine care in Ekurhuleni District, South Africa: retention and viral load suppression
No full textSouthern African Journal of HIV Medicine, Volume 21, Issue 1, 2020, Article number a1085.Background: Same-day initiation (SDI) of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been advocated as an approach to increase linkage to care and overall ART initiation. Clinical trials have demonstrated impressive benefits. However, questions regarding patient preparedness and retention in care remain for routine implementation of this approach. Objectives: In this study, we sought to describe SDI of ART during routine care delivery and compare time to ART initiation on longitudinal care outcomes. Method: We performed a retrospective chart review of 100 consecutive individuals, newly diagnosed with HIV, from 10 health facilities across Ekurhuleni, from January to July 2017. Records were reviewed for a period of 1 year post-diagnosis. Abstracted data included demographics, time to ART initiation, clinic visits and laboratory test results (including viral load testing). Results: A total of 993 patient records were reviewed, of which 826 were included in the analysis. The majority of patients (752, 91%) had ART initiation recorded, of which 654 (79%) had ART initiated within 30 days, and 224 (27%) had SDI. Uptake of SDI of ART was higher among women (36% vs. 10.4%; p < 0.001) and in younger patients (33.7% in those < 29 years; p < 0.01). Retention in care at 6 months was achieved in 477 (58%) patients. Of those with 6-month viral loads, 350/430 (73%) had a viral load < 400 c/m. Retention in care and viral suppression were similar among those with SDI of ART and later ART initiation. Conclusion: Same-day initiation of ART was successfully delivered with similar retention and viral load outcomes as subsequent initiation, providing re-assurance for scale-up of this strategy in routine care
The prohibition of torture: an introductory guide
No full textThis brochure serves as a resource for prospective and current law students, civil society, and other individuals committed to human rights, as they navigate the opportunities and challenges of this dynamic area of law
The origins and evolution of the Journal of Aging and Social Policy
No full textJournal of Aging and Social Policy, Volume 32, Issue 1, 2 January 2020, Pages 1-14.In this essay the current and previous editors discuss the history of the Journal of Aging & Social Policy. In reviewing the past thirty years of publishing the Journal, one can see three phases: Phase 1 took pace during the first decade (1989–1997), Phase 2 covered the next decade and a half or so (1998–2015), and Phase 3 reflects the past five years, a period of continuing growth and success (2016-Present). Despite its inevitable challenges, the Journal of Aging & Social Policy overcame each and has arrived. Today, it is a well-respected Journal that attracts excellent scholarship from around the world, that is well-cited, and that has earned the Journal a commendable impact factor. The editors are proud of that evolution. However, success is never final. The Journal will require continued effective stewardship as it looks to the next thirty years and beyond
Closed signs on the doors of Peoples Community Church
No full textClosed signs on the doors of Peoples Community Church on 11th Street NE
Implementing Human Rights in Afro-Descendant Communities in Colombia and Nicaragua: An Analysis of Selected Human Rights Claims at the Intersection of Legal Orders
No full textThis dissertation examines the human rights claims of two Afro-descendant communities, namely the community of Tierrabomba in Colombia and the community of Orinoco in Nicaragua. It analyzes how these human rights claims are protected in international human rights and domestic legal systems and in practice. This dissertation demonstrates that there is not one legal framework applicable to all Afro-descendant communities due to the cultural, economic, ethnic, and linguistic diversity of this population group. There is a need to tailor the nature and scope of the relevant international and domestic legal protections to the specific circumstances of the communities and their territorial States in order to adequately protect their legal claims. A locally focused approach is necessary to highlight the gaps in the different legal orders applicable to Afro-descendants and to shed light on the effectiveness of the relevant legal norms on the ground. To demonstrate this argument, this dissertation employed a multi-method approach, combining legal doctrinal research with a field study in the communities concerned. Field research revealed the communities’ human rights claims and living conditions. Through the doctrinal legal research, this dissertation analyzed the exact nature and scope of the relevant international human rights provisions and their incorporation into the domestic legislations of Colombia and Nicaragua. It then compared these international and domestic legal frameworks with the realities in the communities concerned to identify any gaps in implementation.This dissertation found that the applicable international human rights law and legal systems of Colombia and Nicaragua only partially protect the human rights claims of the communities concerned, and any protection implemented on the ground is ineffective. The communities concerned demand use of their ancestral land, access to justice, and other fundamental rights to protect their community-oriented way of life. The legal analysis showed that the applicable legal norms primarily focus on the folkloric and material aspects of culture, such as unique religious rituals and traditional economic activities. This does not reflect the communities concerned’s understanding of culture as a way of life. Additionally, conflicting legal norms applicable to the human rights claims of the communities concerned weaken their legal protections while domestic laws mostly lack effective remedies to enforce human rights provisions. Fear of threats of violence from non-State actors and State neglect further jeopardize the rights’ implementation on the ground.To overcome these legal and practical challenges in the communities concerned, this dissertation suggests a set of recommendations for human rights scholars and practitioners. For human rights scholarship, these recommendations center around the integration of empirical research into legal studies and technical analyses of the law. Human rights practitioners should ensure effective agency of the communities concerned, adopt a more flexible understanding of culture, and strengthen local accountability mechanisms. While these recommendations are tailored to the communities concerned, they also inform human rights scholarship and practice for similarly situated communities in Latin America.LawAfro-descendants, Colombia, Domestic Legal Systems, Implementation, International Human Rights, NicaraguaWashington College of LawDegree Awarded: S.J.D. Washington College of Law. American Universit
From Heaven to Earth: 'Cultural Idealism' and 'Moral Realism' as Chinese contributions to global international relations
No full textChinese Journal of International Politics, Volume 12, Issue 4, 1 December 2019, Pages 467-494.The discipline of International Relations (IR) is increasingly being criticized for ignoring and marginalizing states and societies outside of the core countries of the West. The idea of a 'Global IR' has been proposed since 2014 a pathway toward a bridging the 'West and the Rest' divide and thus develop a more inclusive discipline, recognizing its multiple and diverse foundations. At the same time, there is a trend toward developing theories, or 'schools', on a national or regional basis, the leading examples of which come from China. This article examines some theoretical constructs emerging in China, such as the 'Relational Theory' of Qin Yaqing, who is the foundational scholar in the 'Chinese School of IR', the Tianxia ('all under Heaven') concept as applied to IR and world order by Zhao Tingyang, and 'Moral Realism' of Yan Xuetong, who is the leading figure of the 'Tsinghua School'. To many scholars, both inside and outside China, the relationship among the various Chinese approaches and their overall contribution to the IR field remain unclear. Without claiming to capture all their nuances and complexity, this article hopes to stimulate a conversation among scholars, Chinese and foreign, with a view to generate greater clarity and highlight their importance to the study of IR. I argue that while making important contributions, the Chinese approaches to International Relations Theory (IRT) also face a number of challenges. This includes the need for them to offer more convincing proof that the concepts and explanations they propose can apply to other societies and to IR more generally. Moreover, there is the need for these approaches to attract a critical mass of followers worldwide, stimulate a research agenda for other, especially younger scholars, and distance themselves from the official Chinese policy framings. The Global IR approach offers a helpful framework for highlighting and perhaps addressing these challenges, especially in avoiding cultural exceptionalism and ensuring their wider relevance beyond China
The Role of Institutional Betrayal in Predicting Retention Intention Among Active Duty Service Members Who Have Experienced Sexual Assault
No full textA presentation that was delivered in the Fifth University Research Day at the Catholic University of America in 2020
The growth and form of knowledge networks by kinesthetic curiosity
No full textCurrent Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, Volume 35, October 2020, Pages 125-134.Throughout life, we might seek a calling, companions, skills, entertainment, truth, self-knowledge, beauty, and edification. The practice of curiosity can be viewed as an extended and open-ended search for valuable information with hidden identity and location in a complex space of interconnected information. Despite its importance, curiosity has been challenging to computationally model because the practice of curiosity often flourishes without specific goals, external reward, or immediate feedback. Here, we show how network science, statistical physics, and philosophy can be integrated into an approach that coheres with and expands the psychological taxonomies of specific-diversive and perceptual-epistemic curiosity. Using this interdisciplinary approach, we distill functional modes of curious information seeking as searching movements in information space. The kinesthetic model of curiosity offers a vibrant counterpart to the deliberative predictions of model-based reinforcement learning. In doing so, this model unearths new computational opportunities for identifying what makes curiosity curious
The terrorist list : a directory of leaders, perpetrators, financiers, defendants, detainees, persons of interest, conspirators, aliases, and others, from 1950-2008
No full textAn alphabetical arrangement of individuals who have appeared in ITERATE and Edward Mickolus' previous chronologies of international terrorism, and includes individuals who have been named in open sources as somehow involved in terrorist attacks or organizations. This list does not purport to be globally comprehensive-it is limited solely to international incidents or other incidents of sufficient import to be included in previous chronologies. This list, although including tens of thousands of names, is not intended to be used as a terrorist watch list or supplant those used by law enforcement, homeland security, and other authorities around the world. It is rather offered to give students of the discipline a starting point for understanding the phenomenon of terrorism. Related collection: ITERATE: International terrorism: attributes of terrorist events - https://audra.american.edu/islandora/object/auislandora%3A7338