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Exploratory study of long-distance carpooling supply and public financial incentives: The case of France
No full textInternational audienceTo meet its reduction targets in the mobility sector, the French government aims to support carpooling as a means to achieve more efficient car use. Recognizing the gap between these targets and current levels, the government introduced a financial incentive of 100€ per new driver in 2023. This paper seeks to provide an exploratory study of long-distance carpooling supply in France, with particular attention to this public policy, while accounting for a broad set of intermodal and intramodal factors. The study relies on an empirical analysis of original data covering the period 2020–2024. The primary findings from the Seasonal-Trend decomposition analysis confirm the impact of COVID-19 restrictions in 2020 and the subsequent rebound in 2022, with a similar trend continuing into 2023. To explore this further, a Multiple Linear Regression model incorporating a large panel of variables was developed. Results indicate that new driver uptake correlates more with other influencing factors than with the subsidy itself. They highlight a strong complementarity with train services, as new drivers are associated with train transport shortages and seasonality, particularly during peak demand periods
Dewey’s Vision of Democracy and Work
No full textInternational audienceAbstract John Dewey’s vision of work is strictly related to and dependent on his wide, social view of democracy. Dewey conceived of democracy as the complex form of a society, rather than as a political regime. According to this view, for democracy to be achieved, a society must, among other things, fully democratize work and the workplace. This chapter begins by presenting Dewey’s vision of democracy, and then proceeds to articulate his democratic vision of work and the workplace. It notably shows that Dewey saw a virtuous circle between work and democracy: on the one hand, the quality of work experience is enhanced when it is carried out under democratic conditions; on the other hand, democratic work contributes to the deepening of democratic habits in individuals and to the realization of the democratic ideal throughout the entire society
Dose-Dependent Cardiac Complexity Changes in Children Following Prenatal Glucocorticoid Exposure: Complementary Evidence from Multiscale Entropy Analysis and ECG Foundation Models
No full textBackground: Prenatal glucocorticoid exposure alters cardiac development, but whether persistent cardiac effects in childhood follow a dose-response relationship remains unknown. We recently showed that ECG foundation models detect robust cardiac differences between steroid-exposed and control children, while traditional heart rate variability metrics lose significance after covariate adjustment. Here, we investigate the dose-response dimension using complementary analytical approaches.Methods: We studied 49 children (ages 8--15) whose mothers received betamethasone during pregnancy for multiple sclerosis: 12 low-dose (5g), and 24 controls. Five-minute ECG recordings during the Trier Social Stress Test yielded 251 observations. We computed 12 multiscale complexity features and tested 11 ECG foundation model (FM) dimensions using linear mixed models, Kruskal--Wallis tests with Dunn's post-hoc comparisons, Spearman correlations, and Jonckheere--Terpstra trend tests.Findings:The binary exposed-versus-controls comparison showed no significant complexity effects (p>0.39). However, dose-based analysis revealed that high-dose children exhibited significantly faster entropy rate (h) decay rates than low-dose children (p=0.031); neither sample entropy nor approximate entropy decay rates reached significance (p=0.18 and p=0.12, respectively). Effects localized to the mental arithmetic stress segment (Kruskal--Wallis p=0.005; Dunn's p=0.004). A cross-condition robustness analysis confirmed that h decay rate is invariant to input signal choice and normalization (r>0.98), while sample and approximate entropy are not. In contrast, the 11 FM dimensions showed weak dose-response evidence: only 1 of 22 covariate-adjusted contrasts survived FDR correction, with paradoxically stronger low-dose effects.Interpretation: The entropy rate decay rate---uniquely robust across input conditions---reveals a dose-dependent effect on cardiac autonomic dynamics under cognitive stress, while FM dimensions detect a dose-independent morphological ``exposure fingerprint.'' These exploratory findings suggest a two-component model of prenatal glucocorticoid cardiac programming ---~morphological (dose-independent) and dynamical (dose-dependent)~--- providing more complete characterization than either approach alone. Given the small sample size, these results should be considered hypothesis-generating and require replication in larger cohorts
Advanced analysis
No full textMasterThe program of this course, given in the first year of the Master Mathématiques avancées, ENS de Lyon, 2025, is the following one: - Locally convex topological vector spaces. The Hahn-Banach theorems and applications.- Weak topologies. The Banach-Alaoglu theorem. Reflexive spaces and weak compactness. Strong compactness results.- Distributions.- The Fourier transform of tempered distributions and applications
Taming explosive and highly energetic reactions: scaling up the liquid-phase aerobic oxidation of alcohols and aldehydes in flow
No full textInternational audienceIn an era of growing environmental awareness, pharmaceutical companies, which undergo a significant number of non-optimized transformations during the early stages of synthesizing active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), need to evolve. This evolution can be achieved through new processes, protocols, and specific multiphasic continuous-flow reactors. Although this technology has been proven at the laboratory scale, its implementation at the pilot scale remains limited, especially for oxidation reactions using oxygen, a cost-effective and readily available green oxidizing agent. This limitation largely stems from the hazardous nature of these reactions and the challenges related to scaling up the gas-liquid process. Here, we present two examples of the successful, seamless scale-up of the aerobic oxidation of primary alcohols and aliphatic aldehydes in a compact heat exchanger reactor, while preserving the segmented flow characteristics and intensified conditions observed at the laboratory scale. The results crucially demonstrate the potential for implementing millistructured reactors in pharmaceutical process chemistry
Le travail, une affaire de famille : pour une analyse de leur encastrement
No full textInternational audienc
Structural Evolutions of KPO<sub>3</sub>/SiO<sub>2</sub>-Based Extrudates Under Hydrothermal Conditions Monitored by In Situ Raman Spectroscopy
No full textInternational audienceHydroxylation of phosphates has a strong impact on different physicochemical properties. In this work, in situ Raman spectroscopy was deployed to monitor their structural evolutions under hydrothermal conditions (250°C–350°C, 1–3 bar of water vapor). The starting materials were extrudates containing KPO3 and siliceous binder present as either amorphous SiO2 or α-cristobalite. Increasing the temperature from 250°C under steam, KPO3 first hydrates into KH2PO4 and then dehydrates and condenses into liquid polyphosphate at higher temperatures. The temperature of the first transformation appears to be related to the size of KPO3 particles. It was also shown that the second one mainly depends on water vapor pressure revealing the absence of effective interaction between the phosphate phase and the silica binder. In addition, hydration of α-cristobalite into opal-CT under steam was evidenced. The transformations KH2PO4 ↔ liquid polyphosphate and α-cristobalite ↔ opal-CT were found to be reversible with a significant hysteresis between heating and cooling but independent of each other. The valuable characterization of both phosphates and siliceous phases obtained during this work highlights the power of Raman spectroscopy as a technique for investigating materials such as catalysts under hydrothermal conditions
Emergence of periodic chimneys during fluidization at a coarse-fine grains interface
No full textInternational audienceThis work focuses on the influence of an interface on liquid rise through an immersed granular bed. Based on laboratory experiments, we consider the migration of water injected at constant flow rate at the bottom center of a Hele-Shaw cell filled with two layers of grains immersed in water. The bottom layer is made of coarse grains, large enough to ensure liquid percolation without grain motion. The top layer consists of a bidisperse medium of fine grains and dusts about four times smaller in diameter, which can penetrate the coarse grain pores along the interface. When the liquid invades the cell, above a critical flow rate, the dusts are washed out of the coarse grains, a process called elutriation. The flow pattern self-organizes, generating fluidization chimneys at the coarse/fine grains interface with regular spatial distribution. A model based on pressure drop estimations predicts the pattern wavelength, which depends on the dusts size and the number of coarse grains in the cell gap
Riparian forest drought response: from tree to stand, how remote sensing may help?
No full textInternational audienceIn the Anthropocene, global changes have significantly altered ecosystems functioning. Therefore, it is necessary to be able to detect the early cues of any changes in riparian forests to protect them and to limit the detrimental impact on the associated ecosystems functions. However, the early responses of trees to water stress are often ecophysiological responses (decrease of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance, increase of oxidative stress). It is impossible to sample every tree in a forest but the use of remote-sensing technic set on an aerial carrier such as ultralight aviation allows measuring canopy temperature at the stand scale. One of the most suitable methods to assess the health of the forest is the thermal infra-red measurement of the canopy with a thermal camera. Indeed, a transpiration decrease, which leads to an increase of canopy temperature is mainly controlled by stomatal conductance and allow trees to limit water loss and to increase their water use efficiency to face the reduced water availability. Therefore, one of the research topics of our group in LEHNA, among others, is to link remote-sensing measurement and tree ecophysiology to monitor riparian forest response to global change
La prédication de Thomas d'Aquin — Présentation: Avec l’édition des sermons d’Étienne Tempieret de son frère Jean, o. p., par Iacopo COSTAet la bibliographie complète du Père L. J. Bataillonsuivie de témoignages sur le Père L. J. Bataillon
No full textHistoire de la prédication médiévaleInternational audienceLike most of his contemporaries, Saint Thomas does not seem to have been concerned with publishing his sermons, writes Father Louis Jacques Bataillon, who has reached the pinnacle of his research on medieval preaching in all its breadth. The fragmentary transmission of Thomas Aquinas' sermons is therefore not an exception for his time, and the edition produced by Fr. Bataillon thus serves as a model for the publication of other medieval preachers. This book first brings together eight articles devoted to the edition of Thomas Aquinas' sermons and his preaching as a whole; followed by a tribute in the form of the publication of six sermons by the brothers Étienne and Jean Tempier, edited by Iacopo Costa; this tribute continues in the complete bibliography of Fr. Bataillon, compiled from his own archives; the collection concludes with three texts delivered at Fr. Bataillon's funeral.Comme la plupart des maîtres ses contemporains, saint Thomas ne semble pas s'être préoccupé de donner une édition de sa prédication, écrit le P. Louis Jacques Bataillon, arrivé au sommet de ses recherches sur la prédication médiévale dans toute son ampleur. La transmission fragmentaire des sermons de Thomas d'Aquin n'est donc pas une exception pour son époque et l'édition qu'en a procuré le P. Bataillon constitue ainsi un modèle pour l'édition d'autres prédicateurs médiévaux. Ce livre rassemble, d'abord, huit articles consacrés à l'édition des semons de Thomas d'Aquin et à l'ensemble de sa prédication ; suit, en forme d'hommage, la publication de six sermons des frères Étienne et Jean Tempier par les soins de Iacopo Costa ; cet hommage se prolonge dans la Bibliographie complète du P. Bataillon, rédigée à partir de ses propres archives; le recueil s'achève dans trois textes prononcés lors des funérailles du P. Bataillo