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Pour une expertise scientifique et technique impartiale en vue de la maîtrise des expositions professionnelles aux pesticides en milieu agricole.Rapport final de la formation spécifique de Commission nationale de la déontologie et des alertes en matière de santé publique et d’environnement (cnDAspe), présenté lors de la séance plénière du 16 novembre 2023.
No full textPour une expertise scientifique et technique impartiale en vue de la maîtrise des expositions professionnelles aux pesticides en milieu agricoleRapport final de la formation spécifique de Commission nationale de la déontologie et des alertes en matière de santé publique et d'environnement (cnDAspe), présenté lors de la séance plénière du 16 novembre 2023 Composition de la formation spécifique Isabelle BALDI (épidémiologiste et expologue) Aurélie BERTHET (toxicologue et expologue) Alain GARRIGOU (ergonome) Nathalie JAS (historienne et sociologue des sciences) Jean Noël JOUZEL, président (sociologue) Pierre LEBAILLY, vice-président (épidémiologiste et expologue) Annie MARTIN (juriste) Viviane MOQUAY (vétérinaire biologiste) Giovanni PRETE (sociologue) Ludovic TUDORI (chimiste)</div
Insights into multiscale chemical characterisation for the understanding of berry maturation
No full textInternational audienceAmong secondary metabolites, phenolic and volatile compounds are major contributors to wine quality. Their quantities in wines will depend on several factors, their concentrations in grapes but also their extraction rates, along with a number of other factors. Extraction is a complicated process which involves interactions with other compounds; e.g., polysaccharides and proteins. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of merging different analytical methods for identifying different compounds at different scales. Known methods in wine analysis, such as phloroglucinolysis, were complemented with methods usually applied to other food products and rarely or never on grapes or wines, such as solid-state NMR and NMR water mobility by 1 H MRI. The feasibility of merging these methods was validated on this first trial. While the results did not allow us to answer questions related to the study, they raised other interesting questions to be addressed in future experiments.</div
La culture du niébé (Vigna unguiculata) au Sénégal : plaidoyer pour une vision systémique de son développement
No full textCe volume fait suite aux Rencontres Francophone Légumineuses (RFL) de mars 2024 organisées par le Cirad, INRAE, Terres Inovia et Terres Univia, et co-organisé par l'Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA). Ce rendez-vous unique entre tous les acteurs du développement, des filières et de la recherche sur les légumineuses à graines et fourragères. L’occasion de croiser les regards, partager les connaissances et accélérer l’innovation autour des légumineuses.Les RFLs s’intéressent aux légumineuses à graines, fourragères ou ligneuses, et visent à couvrir la diversité des systèmes de production, ainsi que la diversité des usages : alimentation humaine, animale et non-alimentaire.Les légumineuses sont un levier majeur pour relever les défis mondiaux du changement climatique et de la sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle. Partout dans le monde, elles disposent d’un rôle stratégique : atouts nutritionnels, souveraineté protéique et alimentaire. Les nombreuses espèces de légumineuses constituent également un formidable vivier d’innovations alimentaires.National audienceAs a legume, cowpea could play a key role in the transition towards more sustainable agricultural systems in West Africa. However, a better understanding of current systems is necessary to justify interventions in favor of this crop. Based on surveys conducted in two contrasting pedoclimatic zones of Senegal, we showed that in the Sahelian zone (ZS) where water stress is strongest, cowpea is a cash crop benefiting from public support for the use of synthetic inputs and improved cowpea varieties. In contrast, in the Sudan-Sahelian zone (ZSS) where water stress is less strong, cowpea is a minor crop grown at low density in intercropping with millet, with little or no inputs and oriented mainly towards household and animal consumption. In both zones, cowpea adoption is favored by the availability of plots located far from the house. In ZSS, it is also favored by a large agricultural area and a lack of labor at the farm level. In ZS, farmers attach less importance than in ZSS to the potential positive effects of cowpea on associated crops. Several varieties are found on the same farm with a view to resilience to climate risks and the reconciliation of several objectives. The recent expansion of cowpea areas in ZS has led to decreased biodiversity and increased pest problems. Our findings highlight the need for a variety of recommendations to accommodate the diverse contexts and goals of cowpea farmers. To promote the long-term sustainability of the cowpea sector, actions that support the maintenance of the diversity of cultivated species and cowpea varieties in agrosystems should be considered with as much interest as actions focused on the commercial sector and cowpea income.En tant que légumineuse, le niébé pourrait jouer un rôle clé dans la transition vers des systèmes agricoles plus durables en Afrique de l'Ouest. Toutefois, une meilleure compréhension des systèmes actuels est nécessaire pour raisonner les interventions en faveur de cette culture. A partir d'enquêtes réalisées dans deux zones pédoclimatiques contrastées du Sénégal, on a montré que dans la zone sahélienne (ZS) où la contrainte hydrique est la plus forte, le niébé est une culture de rente profitant des soutiens publics pour l'utilisation d'intrants de synthèse et de variétés améliorées. A l'opposé, en zone soudano-sahélienne (ZSS) où la contrainte hydrique est moins forte, le niébé est une culture mineure cultivée à faible densité en association avec le mil, avec peu ou pas d'intrants et orientée principalement vers la consommation du ménage et de ses animaux. Dans les deux zones, l'adoption du niébé est favorisée par la disponibilité de parcelles éloignées de la maison. En ZSS, elle est en outre favorisée par une surface agricole élevée et le manque de main d'oeuvre au niveau de la ferme. En ZS, les agriculteurs accordent moins d'intérêt qu'en ZSS aux potentiels effets positifs du niébé sur les cultures associées. Plusieurs variétés sont cultivées au sein d'une même ferme dans une perspective de résilience vis à vis des risques climatiques et de conciliation de plusieurs objectifs. L'extension récente des surfaces en niébé en ZS a entrainé une baisse importante de la diversité des espèces cultivées et des difficultés de contrôle des bioagresseurs qui préoccupent fortement les agriculteurs de cette zone. Nos résultats suggèrent que les propositions techniques et les politiques en faveur du niébé doivent être diverses afin de prendre en compte la diversité des contextes et objectifs vis à vis de la culture du niébé. Dans un souci de durabilité de la filière niébé, les actions favorables au maintien de la diversité des espèces cultivées et des variétés de niébé dans les agrosystèmes doivent être considérées avec autant d'intérêt que les actions axées sur la filière commerciale et les revenus du niébé
Dissipation of the insecticide profenofos in tropical agricultural soils (Berambadi catchment, South India): insight from compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA)
No full textInternational audienceAssessing the role of agricultural lands in pesticide contamination of water ecosystems is critical for water management agencies and policymakers when formulating effective mitigation strategies. Current approaches based on concentration measurements are often insufficient to evaluate the contribution of pesticide dissipation processes in complex agroecosystems. This study focuses on the dissipation of profenofos insecticide within plots subject to intensive agriculture in the Berambadi watershed (India). We examined profenofos dissipation kinetics and related carbon isotopic fractionation in laboratory volatilisation, hydrolysis, photolysis and soil biodegradation experiments, and in a field plot experiment. Process-specific isotope fractionation analyses revealed significant carbon isotope fractionation, with epsilon(C) =- 2.0 f 0.8 %o during UV photolysis, and epsilon(C) =- 0.9 f 0.4 %o during biodegradation of profenofos in the soil. Accordingly, the formation of 4-bromo-2-chlorophenol and another profenofos transformation product indicated the cleavage of O-P and C-Br bonds in soil experiments. By integrating dissipation kinetics, compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA), transformation products analysis and modelling results, biodegradation was identified as the dominant dissipation process in the agricultural plot, accounting for > 90 % of profenofos dissipation. Model predictions were consistent with the observed dissipation kinetics and isotopic data, confirming the fast degradation (T-1/2 = 1.1 +/- 0.6 day) and low (< 0.02 %) leaching potential of profenofos, which was not detected in the local groundwater monitored by passive samplers (POCIS). Overall, these results highlight the usefulness of profenofos CSIA to identify and unravel dissipation processes in tropical agroecosystems for improving contamination risk assessment
Early selection and genetic analysis of susceptibility to tapping panel dryness by applying an intense harvesting system to a segregating population in Hevea brasiliensis
No full textInternational audienceHighlights: • First genetic study of Tapping Panel Dryness. • Different genetic bases for latex plugging at opening and Tapping Panel Dryness. • Intense harvesting system is an effective method to induce Tapping Panel Dryness. • Some genotypes show resistance to intensive harvesting system. • Identification of genes underlying QTLs linked to Tapping Panel Dryness.Abstract: Tapping Panel Dryness (TPD) is a physiological syndrome affecting natural rubber production in Hevea brasiliensis that is thought to be exacerbated by climate change stress. TPD is associated with high latex viscosity and agglutination of rubber particles. Although many studies have been carried out on the physiological and molecular mechanisms associated with TPD, little has been done in the way of genetic improvement. Intensive harvesting systems with high tapping frequency and ethephon stimulation of rubber trees are known to induce early TPD occurrence. A harvesting system with daily tapping and monthly ethephon stimulation was applied for one year to a segregating population of 189 individuals obtained from a cross between the TPD-susceptible clone PB 260 and the TPD-tolerant clone SP 217. This treatment induced a dramatic increase in dry cut length after six months for 26 % of the genotypes. Heritability also peaked at 88 % four months after treatment. Of the seven quantitative trait loci identified for the dry cut length, three were uniquely detected after application of the intensive harvesting system, and two quantitative trait loci were only observed after opening of trees under a standard harvesting system. Several genes underlying quantitative trait loci revealed functions previously identified through transcriptomic analyses. These results suggest a complex genetic basis of TPD
Plague in Small Mammals From an Endemic Focus of the Malagasy Central Highlands: A Longitudinal Survey With a Special Reference on Black Rats ( Rattus rattus )
No full textInternational audiencePlague, a zoonotic disease caused by Yersinia pestis , remains a major public health threat in several parts of the world, including Madagascar. Factors underlying long‐term persistence and emergence of the pathogen remain poorly understood. We implemented a longitudinal survey to provide insights into plague reservoir ecology within an endemic focus. Six trapping sessions (TS) were conducted in six different localities of the Ankazobe district from 2018 to 2020 in order to monitor small mammal communities. A total of 2762 individuals composed of six species ( Rattus rattus , Rattus norvegicus , Mus musculus , Setifer setosus , Suncus murinus and Tenrec ecaudatus ) were caught over the six successive TS. R. rattus represented 88% of all captures, with the highest relative abundances observed during the dry season (June to August 2019). None of the micromammals tested positive for the presence of Y. pestis , neither with qPCR nor bacterial culture. However, 11 seropositive individuals (6 R. rattus , 2 M. musculus and 3 S. murinus ) were retrieved following ELISA, thus leading to a global seroprevalence of 0.4%. Our study highlighted the significant influence of climatic data on the seasonal variations of R. rattus abundance and suggest that black rat control should be conducted before the dry season, that is, during high reproduction period of rats, in order to reduce the number of reproducing animals and prevent subsequent increase in abundance. As three S. murinus and two M. musculus plague seropositive were identified in the present study, their potential role in plague eco‐epidemiology in Madagascar should be explored further
A modeling framework for biodiversity assessment in renewable energy development: A case study on European bats and wind turbines
No full textInternational audienceCombining renewable energy planning and biodiversity conservation is urgently needed to address the interconnected climate change and biodiversity loss crisis and meet the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals 7, 13, and 15. However, in many countries such as France, current strategies to limit the negative effects of renewable energy on biodiversity still hold major limitations during the planning process that could be overcome with modeling approaches. Here we propose a new modeling-based framework which aims to determine potential threats posed by projects to biodiversity. By capitalizing on large-scale standardized citizen science biodiversity data to create biodiversity benchmarks, this approach aims to better inform the Ecological Impact Assessment (EIA) process at different stages pre-and post-project construction. We demonstrate the practical application of the framework using bats and onshore wind energy development in France as a case study. We reveal that current approaches in renewable energy planning in France failed to identify sites of biodiversity significance with >90 % of wind turbines approved for construction to be placed in sites of high significance for bats. The risks posed by future wind turbines to bats concern all taxa (all protected in the EU), including species with higher collision risks. We highlight how the proposed modeling-based framework could contribute to a more objective evaluation of pre-and post-construction impacts on biodiversity and become a prevalent component of the EIA process. Its implementation could promote a more biodiversity-friendly approach to renewable energy planning, aligning with the Global Biodiversity Framework's target of halting biodiversity loss by 2030.</div
Viral RNA polymerase as a SUMOylation decoy inhibits RNA quality control to promote potyvirus infection
No full textInternational audiencePotyvirids are the largest group of plant RNA viruses. Pelota, a core component of RNA quality controls (RQC), promotes the degradation of potyvirids’ genomic RNA by recognizing a specific G1-2A6-7 motif. Here we demonstrate that the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, NIb, acts as a SUMOylation decoy to effectively reduce Pelota SUMOylation by competing with SCE1 to inhibit Pelota-mediated RQC. TuMV NIb is comprised of two functional SUMO interacting motif (SIM): SIM2 and SIM3. The former is identified as the key site for NIb’s SUMOylation by SUMO3, whereas the latter is responsible for the interaction with SCE1. These two SIMs are conserved among the majority of potyvirids-encoded NIbs. Thus, virus protein-mediated SUMOylation decoy strategy to suppress host defense may be a common feature in plant virus pathosystems. These findings highlight a dynamic interplay between plant defense mechanism and viral counter-strategy by orchestrating the post-translational modifications of virus and host defense components
Tailored policies for perennial woody crops are crucial to advance sustainable development
No full textInternational audiencePerennial woody crops, which are crucial to our diets and global economies, have the potential to play a major role in achieving multiple UN Sustainable Development Goals pertaining to biodiversity conservation, socio-economic development and climate change mitigation. However, this potential is hindered by insufficient scientific and policy attention on perennial woody crops, and by the intensification of perennial crop cultivation in the form of monocropping with high external inputs. In this Perspective, we highlight the potential of properly managed and incentivized perennial woody crops to support holistic sustainable development and urge scientists and policymakers to develop an effective agenda to better harness their benefits