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Effects of drying methods and varieties on aflatoxin content of groundnuts in Senegal
No full textThis volume follows on from the Rencontres Francophone Légumineuses (RFL) held in March 2024, organized by CIRAD, INRAE, Terres Inovia and Terres Univia, and co-organized by the Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA). This unique event brings together all those involved in development, the supply chains and research into grain and forage legumes. It's an opportunity to exchange views, share knowledge and accelerate innovation around legumes. The RFLs focus on seed, forage and woody legumes, and aim to cover the diversity of production systems, as well as the diversity of uses: food, feed and non-food. Pulses are a major lever for meeting the global challenges of climate change and food and nutritional security. All over the world, they play a strategic role, providing nutritional benefits and ensuring protein and food sovereignty. The many species of pulses also represent a formidable breeding ground for food innovation.International audienceGroundnuts are subject to contamination by aflatoxin, a mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus. This contamination occurs when sensitive varieties are used or during drying and storage. This study assessed the effect of variety and drying methods on aflatoxin B1 levels in groundnuts. Three varieties and four drying techniques were tested. ANOVA results showed a significant difference only for pod moisture content. However, the table-top air-drying technique gave the lowest aflatoxin B1 content (5.67 ppb), while the farmers' technique gave the highest content (9.13 ppb). Testing these methods on the farm could help to identify the most effective and accessible to farmers
Using informative priors to account for identifiability issues in occupancy models with identification errors
No full textInternational audienceNon-invasive monitoring techniques like camera traps, autonomous recording units and environmental DNA are increasingly used to collect data for understanding species distribution. These methods have prompted the development of statistical models to suit specific sampling designs and get reliable ecological inferences. Site occupancy models estimate species occurrence patterns, accounting for the possibility that the target species may be present but unobserved. Here, two key processes are crucial: detection, when a species leaves signs of its presence, and identification where these signs are accurately recognized. While both processes are prone to error in general, wrong identifications are often considered as negligible with in situ observations. When applied to passive bio-monitoring data, characterized by datasets requiring automated processing, this second source of error can no longer be ignored as misclassifications at both steps can lead to significant biases in ecological estimates. Several model extensions have been proposed to address these potential errors. We propose an extended occupancy model that accounts for the identification process in addition to detection. Similar to other recent attempts to account for false positives, our model may suffer from identifiability issues, which usually require another source of data with perfect identification to resolve them. As an alternative when such data are unavailable, we propose leveraging existing knowledge of the identification process within a Bayesian framework by incorporating this knowledge through an informative prior. Through simulations, we compare different prior choices that encode varying levels of information, ranging from cases where no prior knowledge is available, to instances with accurate metrics on the performance of the identification, and scenarios based on generally accepted assumptions. We demonstrate that, compared to using a default prior, integrating information about the identification process as a prior reduces bias in parameter estimates. Overall, our approach mitigates identifiability issues, reduces estimation bias, and minimizes data requirements. In conclusion, we provide a statistical method applicable to various monitoring designs, such as camera trap, bioacoustics, or eDNA surveys, alongside non-invasive sampling technologies, to produce ecological outcomes that inform conservation decisions
A divergent haplotype with a large deletion at the berry color locus causes a white-skinned phenotype in grapevine
No full textData availability: DNA sequencing and RNA-Seq datasets were deposited in the Sequence Read Archive under Bioproject PRJNA1166439.International audienceThe current genetic model explaining berry skin color in Vitis vinifera is incomplete and fails to predict berry skin color phenotypes for one allele of VvMybA1, referred to as VvMybA1_SUB. Our study focuses on this specific allele, revealing that the haplotype containing VvMybA1_SUB (haplotype F) represents an ancient lineage of the berry color locus. Within haplotype F, we identified two functional subhaplotypes, HapF1 and HapF2, associated with black-skinned phenotype, and one non-functional subhaplotype, HapF DEL , responsible for white-skinned phenotype. HapF1 likely originated from wild populations domesticated in the Near East and subsequently spread globally with the expansion of viticulture. In contrast, HapF2 has a more restricted distribution and may have emerged from hybridization events between cultivated grapevines and local wild populations as viticulture migrated to the Italian peninsula. Furthermore, we found that in white-skinned berry cultivar, HapF has undergone a large deletion at the berry color locus, removing the majority of the VvMybA genes. Previous works suggested a single common origin for white-skinned varieties during grapevine domestication. Our results challenge this notion, instead proposing that white-skinned grape cultivars arose at least twice during grapevine domestication history. Alongside the major haplotype A, some white-skinned cultivars, such as cv. 'Sultanina' harbor HapF DEL . Since HapF DEL is present only in table grape varieties, we suggest that it likely arose from a recent mutational event and dispersed along the ancient Silk Road into East Asia. These findings enhance our understanding of the genetic diversity and evolutionary trajectory of grapevine cultivars, offering insights into their domestication and spread across different geographical regions
Conclusion générale : ni surestimer ni sous-estimer la puissance du numérique dans les transitions agricoles et alimentaires
No full textInternational audienc
RÁC, a Serious Agent-Based Simulation Game to Drive Discussion on Waste Management in Vietnamese Irrigation Systems
No full textInternational audienceWaste management is a major issue in Vietnam, particularly in irrigation systems, where it has a profound impact on agriculture, which in turn also generates a significant amount of wastewater production. While irrigation users, residents and decision-makers are increasingly concerned about these issues, the implementation of collective solutions to these problems is almost non-existent. The challenge then is to propose a serious game that can open the dialogue on this issue, allowing stakeholders to envision shared and sustainable waste management solutions. To open the dialogue on waste management in rural areas in Vietnam, we propose R & Aacute;C (meaning "waste" in Vietnamese), an agent-based serious game using a concrete case study on waste management in the Bac Hung Hai irrigation system (Vietnam). R & Aacute;C places the stakeholders in the role of several village leaders who must ensure a sufficient level of agricultural production while minimizing both solid and wastewater pollution in order to maintain a quality label that is essential for selling agricultural products on the national market. The model was fully implemented using the open-source agent-based simulation platform GAMA. R & Aacute;C was used during four workshop sessions with farmers and village leaders in the Bac Hung Hai irrigation system. It allowed them to discuss and promote debate on waste management in their area, and to understand these stakeholders' expectations on participatory approaches that focus on cohesion and emergence of leadership rather than on the will to express individual opinions. The results showed that the game was successful in helping players to discuss the issue of waste management. Future work in the short term will focus on continuing to organize game workshops in order to better assess the impact of the game on waste management coordination
Harnessing functional diversity in the Vigna genus for crop diversification under future climates
No full textInternational audienceHighlights: • Functional diversity in Vigna species can be organized into stress-tolerant, ruderal, and competitive strategies. • Wild and domesticated species mainly display distinct trait patterns. • Accessions from the stress-tolerant group display adaptability accross broad temperature and precipitation ranges. • Phenotypic continuum between domesticated and wild species suggests on going domestication process.Abstract: Crop diversification is a key driver towards improved farm resilience and reduced risk in the face of climatic and economic events. Grain legumes have been gaining increasing attention and interest in the past few decades. However, farmers and advisers need references and tools to select the crop species and varieties adapted to specific environments. In this study, we explored the untapped diversity within the Vigna genus that offers numerous diversification possibilities for tropical and sub-tropical agriculture production systems. A field trial was conducted in Morocco, using 368 accessions representing seven cultivated and 30 wild Vigna species. Data of 16 phenological, morpho-physiological and agronomical traits, were collected and used within a functional trait-based analysis to identify functional strategies among genotypes and to relate trait patterns to adaptations to climate of origin. The studied species were categorized into one of the three Grime’s functional groups: competitive (C), stress-tolerant (S) and ruderal (R) species, and the potential role of domestication in shaping traits in these functional groups was examined. Results indicated that trait profiles were shaped by species’ environmental origin, where the most populated biomes were the tropical forest/savanna, in particular for the wild accessions
: Contribution aux actions 2024
No full textDans le cadre du groupe de travail « Analyse Multi-Critères » (GT AMC) appliquée à l’évaluation des projets de gestion des inondations, des fonctions de dommage à différents types d’enjeux ont été développées à partir de l’année 2011. Cependant, dans un contexte dit torrentiel, la genèse des dommages fait intervenir des processus différents que ceux considérés pour des autres types d'aléa inondation. En effet, les approches actuelles d'estimation des dommages liés aux crues torrentielles s'orientent vers des fonctions d'endommagement par classes d'intensité d'aléa au lieu de fonctions de dommages continues, comme celles proposées par la méthode officielle française.Parmi les différentes méthodes proposées dans la littérature pour estimer les dommages dans des contextes plus larges que ceux de l’inondation fluviale classique, celle qui a été mise en œuvre en Suisse par l'office fédéral de l'environnement (OFEV) est particulièrement intéressante. Cet intérêt se fonde sur différents éléments. D'abord cette méthode s'oriente vers un objectif d'évaluation des projets de gestion des inondations qui comporte de similitudes avec la méthode AMC PAPI préconisée en France. En plus, elle est issue d’un territoire où le patrimoine architectural est assez similaire à celui du territoire français métropolitain de montagne. Troisièmement, elle a recours à des indices d'endommagement définis dans différents contextes d'inondation, y compris le contexte torrentiel. Et dernièrement, elle couvre de très larges enjeux (bâtis, réseaux, infrastructures). Ces éléments permettent de considérer la méthode suisse comme un bon candidat pour pallier à court terme l'absence de méthodologie spécifiquement française d'estimation des dommages dans des contextes de crues torrentielles. L'objectif de ce rapport est, donc, de proposer des recommandations d'estimation des dommages aux enjeux bâtis en contexte torrentiel s’appuyant sur une adaptation de la méthode Suisse au contexte français
Impact of cactus moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) pest densities on fruit production and quality in cactus pear
No full textInternational audienceThe prickly pear cactus, Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller, is the most economically important Cactaceae species worldwide. It thrives in arid and semiarid agricultural lands with minimal inputs, providing benefits such as livestock fodder, fruit, and vegetable production. The South American cactus moth, Cactoblastis cactorum (Berg), represents the most important insect pest of prickly pear crops. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of C. cactorum feeding on O. ficus-indica plants in a plantation in northwestern Argentina. Fruit production, fruit attributes, and plant size were evaluated under increasing C. cactorum pest densities in a manipulative 3-yr-long experiment (2018 to 2020). In the 2019 harvest, the increase in the pest density significantly reduced the number of fruits produced/plant. Plants with the highest pest density produced 60% fewer fruits than pest-free plants. In the 2020 harvest, the reduction was marginal. Fruit and pulp weights significantly declined with increasing C. cactorum densities in both years. No effect occurred on plant size or fruit sweetness. This was the first effort to measure the magnitude of the impact of C. cactorum on a cactus crop species and provides crucial information for prickly pear fruit producers. This information is helpful to implement more effective preventive and control measures to protect producers’ investment and ensure a profitable harvest. Further studies in younger plantations and other areas will help develop an economic damage threshold level to support Integrated Pest Management decisions to limit C. cactorum’s impact
How Can Overlooking Social Interactions, Space Familiarity or Other “Invisible Landscapes” Shaping Animal Movement Bias Habitat Selection Estimations and Species Distribution Predictions?
No full textInternational audienceSpecies' future distributions are commonly predicted using models that link the likelihood of occurrence of individuals to the environment. Although animals' movements are influenced by physical and non‐physical landscapes, for example related to individual experiences such as space familiarity or previous encounters with conspecifics, species distribution models developed from observations of unknown individuals cannot integrate these latter variables, turning them into ‘invisible landscapes’. In this theoretical study, we address how overlooking ‘invisible landscapes’ impacts the estimation of habitat selection and thereby the projection of future distributions. Overlooking the attraction towards some ‘invisible’ variable consistently led to overestimating the strength of habitat selection. Consequently, projections of future population distributions were also biased, with animals following changes in preferred habitat less than predicted. Our results reveal an overlooked challenge faced by correlative species distribution models based on the observation of unknown individuals, whose past experience of the environment is by definition not known. Mechanistic distribution modeling integrating cognitive processes underlying movement should be developed
Fruitlet Core Rot disease in ‘Queen Victoria’ pineapple infructescence triggers local and systemic metabolome reconfigurations
No full textInternational audienceHighlights: • Profiling of primary and secondary metabolites in pineapple due to FCR infection. • Highlighting of FCR-induced variations in major amino acids and carbohydrates. • Identification of phenolics implicated in pineapple defense mechanism following FCR. • Uncovering of a systemic response to the FCR infection in pineapple fruit.Abstract: We studied the metabolomes of 'Queen Victoria' pineapples subjected to the fungi-induced fruitlet core rot (FCR) disease, a major quality issue in the pineapple industry. Analyses were carried out on the pulp and skin of individual fruitlets within healthy or black spotted infructescences, in order to profile three types of samples: healthy, infected and asymptomatic fruitlets. Our results reveal distinct responses to FCR in pulp and skin of infected fruitlets, both quantitatively and qualitatively. The pulp displayed much stronger and diverse changes, including the implementation of a local phenolic-based defense reflecting both antimicrobial activity and cell wall turnover. Evidence of strong redox regulation linked to the presence of the pathogen was observed through variations in proline and glutathione-conjugated compounds. Moreover, among the numerous sugar variations, a particular trehalose pattern emerged as an antagonistic issue between the plant and the fungus. The activation of signaling pathways following the fungal attack was also revealed, with the accumulation of pipecolate and alphaaminobutyrate, involved in defense priming and systemic acquired resistance. Interestingly, we also found significant metabolic changes in asymptomatic fruitlets, similar in nature but smaller in magnitude, demonstrating the existence of a systemic response to infection. This work opens the way to a better understanding of the infection and defense mechanisms involved in FCR and their consequences on organoleptic quality