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An Unexplored Diversity for Adaptation of Germination to High Temperatures in <i>Brassica</i> Species
No full textData Availability Statement: The short-read resequencing data that support the findings are available in NCBI's sequence read archive (SRA) under the project PRJNA1174687. The genetic files (bed, bim, fam) and the raw phenotype dataset is freely available at: “Tiret, Mathieu, 2025, Replication Data for: An unexplored diversity for adaptation of germination to high temperatures in Brassica species, https://doi.org/10.57745/RIOMJ8.” Seeds of the accessions are available at the following Genetic Resource Centers: BrACySol for French accessions, de Los Campos seed genebank (ESP003) for Spanish accessions, and Agricultural Institute of Slovenia for Slovenian accessions. The unique accession numbers are detailed in Table S3. For inquiries regarding Algerian, Italian, and Tunisian accessions, please refer to the contact specified in Table S3.International audienceElevated temperatures inhibit the germination of a concerning number of crop species. One strategy to mitigate the impact of warming temperatures is to identify and introgress adaptive genes into elite germplasm. Diversity must be sought in wild populations, coupled with an understanding of the complex pattern of adaptation across a broad range of landscapes. By investigating the landraces, wild, and feral populations of Algeria, Italy, France, Slovenia, Spain, and Tunisia, we assessed the response of germination to temperature increase in an unexplored diversity of 117 accessions of Brassica rapa and 66 of Brassica oleracea. Our results show that both species exhibit heat tolerance to the temperature range tested, especially B. rapa, with an increase in speed and uniformity of germination time, as well as an increase in germination rate as temperature increased. As for B. oleracea accessions, the ability to germinate under heat conditions depended on the geographical origin; in particular, southern populations showed a higher germination rate than northern populations, possibly in relation to their warmer climates of origin. These findings highlight the complex interplay between domestication, feralization, and current agronomic practices in shaping germination characteristics in Brassica species
Transmission des Connaissances sur les Méthodes de Pulvérisation de Pesticides : A Propos de la Formation Certiphyto
No full textInternational audienceAs part of the Ecophyto plan, the Certiphyto training program regulates access to and professional use of plant protection products though certification. The training course covers three main areas: regulations on product usage, impact on human health, preventive measures and techniques for reducing usage through alternative methods. This communication focuses on improvements dedicated to training in the proper use of plant protection products, specifically regarding spraying equipment.Between 2021 and 2023, a total of 67 initial and renewal Certiphyto training sessions were attended. Information was gathered through the trainers' activities and by reviewing disparities between the educational framework and observed training practices. Data collection related to training factors is based on verbalizations illustrated by network graphs. Results indicate that trainers are able to provide both general and precise technical explanations, but they are limited by the theoretical nature of Certiphyto training.La formation Certiphyto, action du plan Ecophyto, conditionne l'accès et l'utilisation professionnelle des produits phytopharmaceutiques par l'obtention d'un certificat. Le programme pédagogique se répartit sur quatre axes majeurs : 1. la réglementation sur l'usage des produits, 2. leur impact sur la santé humaine, les moyens de prévention, 3. les techniques de réduction d'usage et 4. les méthodes alternatives. Cette communication propose des améliorations pour la formation sur le bon usage des produits phytopharmaceutiques, avec une attention sur les réflexions autour du matériel de pulvérisation. Entre 2021 et 2023, 67 formations Certiphyto primo-accédant et renouvellement ont été suivies en présentiel. Le recueil de données sur les déterminants de la formation se compose des verbalisations représentées par des cartes réseaux. Les résultats montrent que des formateurs donnent des explications techniques précises et adaptées, mais sont limités par le côté théorique de la formation
Diet, fruit and vegetables and One Health: benefits for health, environment, society and the consumer—proceedings of the 9th edition of EGEA conference
No full textInternational audiencePurpose To present the outcomes of the EGEA Conference on the state of knowledge regarding the contribution of diets rich in fruit and vegetables (FV) to human and planetary health, commonly included in the One Health concept. Methods The 9th edition of EGEA Conference (20-22 September 2023, Barcelona) provided a transversal and multidisciplinary perspective on the contribution of FV to One Health, in particular to the health of individuals, society and the planet. Nearly 150 international scientists and stakeholders discussed the current state of knowledge. These proceedings are based both on a literature review and the scientic studies presented by the speakers. Results Scientic evidence conrms the role of FV in preventing cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes; more evidence is needed on the eects and mechanisms of FV in cancer prevention. FV production and consumption helps ensure territorial cohesion and provides a denser, nutrient-rich diet with less environmental impact (except water use) than other food groups, but use of synthetic pesticides in FV production remains a challenge that could be addressed with agro-ecological solutions. Various factors inuence consumer choice and behaviour towards FV consumption across the lifespan, with specic periods being more conducive to change. New research is emerging on the role of FV consumption in regulating gut microbiota and on both mental and brain health; the potential role of FV production and supply in tackling biodiversity loss and climate change; and better monitoring of FV consumption. Conclusion Sucient evidence conrms the contribution of diet rich in FV to One Health, with some emerging research on this topic. Concerted actions are required towards an increased consumption of FV and a more diversied and environmentally neutral FV production
Effect of organic farming practices on soil health improvement of coconut farms
No full textInternational audienceThe present study aimed to provide data on what extend of organic management (OF) improve soil health compared to conventional farms (CF). In this study, a total of 24 top soil samples (0-30 cm) were collected from Mo Cay Nam and Mo Cay Bac, Ben Tre, Vietnam, representing organic vs conventional farm soils, respectively to analyze farming systems in terms of the chemical, physical, and biological soil properties. Soil nutrients, soil microbial density, dehydrogenase enzyme activity and soil bacteria diversity were detected using atomic absorption spectrometry, serial dilution and plating; triphenyl formazan detection, and DNA extraction using Invitrogen™ and Qubit™, respectively. Our results indicated that soil bulk density was 11 % lower and soil porosity was 4 % higher, respectively at organic farms compared to the conventional farms. Meanwhile, both soil NH 4 + and available phosphorus contents were higher in the organic farming soils (38.9 mg kg -1 and 69.0 mg kg -1 , respectively). Total soil bacteria and cellulose-decomposing bacteria were found to be insignificantly lower in conventional farms (CF) as compared to organic farms (OF) (6.01 log CFU g -1 soil vs 6.26 log CFU g -1 soil) and (3.82 log CFU g -1 soil vs 4.18 log CFU g -1 soil), respectively. The beta diversity of soil bacterial community, along with the bacterial orders Bacillales, Frankiales, Elsterales, Pseudomonadales, and Pedosphaerales exhibited higher with organic farming practices and dehydrogenase enzyme activity in organic farms (OF) was significantly higher (0.61 µg TPF g -1 soil hour -1</div
A barcode database for insects associated with the spread of the Cocoa Swollen Shoot Virus Disease in Côte d’Ivoire
No full textInternational audienceSwollen Shoot is a viral disease affecting cocoa trees, transmitted by several species of mealybugs (Insecta, Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha, Pseudococcidae). These insects maintain trophobiotic relationships with a complex and species-rich assemblage of ants protecting them and natural enemies controlling their populations. Here, we provide a curated DNA barcode database to characterise this insect community. Systematic observation of 7,500 cocoa trees was conducted, coupled with the collection of mealybug colonies and associated insect communities (parasitoids, predators and ants). Natural enemies were reared from mealybug colonies collected from 1,430 cocoa trees. Specimens were identified morphologically and sequenced for fragments of the standard DNA barcode region of the COI. We recovered 17 species of mealybugs from the family Pseudococcidae. Amongst these species, eight are new to the Ivorian cocoa orchard: Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsley, Ferrisia dasylirii (Cockerell), Maconellicoccus ugandae (Laing), Paracoccus marginatus Williams & Granara de Willink, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley, Planococcus minor (Maskell), Pseudococcus concavocerarii James and Pseudococcus occiduus De Lotto. Three of these species were identified for the first time in cocoa orchards in Africa: D. neobrevipes, Fe. dasylirii and Ph. solenopsis. A total of 54 ant species were identified and represented the first record of these species associated with mealybug colonies in cocoa in Côte d’Ivoire. Amongst the species associated with the mealybugs, 22 primary parasitoids, eight hyperparasitoids, 11 ladybirds beetles (Coccinellidae), seven gall midges (Cecidomyidae), one predatory lepidopteran species and four spider species were identified. Nine species of mealybugs parasitoids are newly recorded in the African cocoa orchards: Acerophagus aff. dysmicocci, Aloencyrtus sp., Anagyrus kamali, Anagyrus aff. pseudococci, Aenasius advena, Clausenia aff. corrugata, Gyranusoidea aff. tebygi, Zaplatycerus aff. natalensis (Encyrtidae) and Coccophagus pulvinariae (Aphelinidae) and one hyperparasitoid, Pachyneuron muscarum (Pteromalidae). For Côte d’Ivoire in particular, besides the previously mentioned nine parasitoids and one hyperparasitoid, five additional species are recorded for the first time, including four primary parasitoids, Blepyrus insularis (Encyrtidae), Clausenia corrugata (Encyrtidae), Clausenia sp. (Encyrtidae), and Coccidoctonus pseudococci (Encyrtidae) and one hyperparasitoid, Cheiloneurus cyanonotus (Encyrtidae). These results significantly enhance the knowledge of the diversity of the entomofauna associated with Swollen Shoot disease and pave the way for developing control methods based on the natural regulation of its mealybug (Pseudococcidae) vectors
Governance of GIs, the case of Deglet Nour de Tolga Algeria
No full textInternational audienceGeographical Indications (GIs) are tools for protecting local products, highlighting the attributes of a product, a territory, and its stakeholders. The process of establishing GIs is often complex. This study aims to analyze the GI system for Deglet Nour dates from Tolga, Algeria, through the value chain approach. Using an exploratory qualitative approach, we examined the establishment of this GI by identifying its key sequences and main stakeholders involved
Standardized body condition scoring system for tropical farm animals (large ruminants, small ruminants, and equines)
No full textInternational audienceIn tropical regions, subject to significant fluctuations in feedstuffs, the body condition score (BCS) is a relevant indicator for monitoring body reserves status of farm animals. However, the most used BCS grids comes from temperate conditions and still not adapted for tropical species, which limits adoption and usefulness. The current work presents for the first time an original, low-cost, standardized BCS assessment system, suited to a large spectrum of tropical farm animals (zebu and/or crossbred cattle, buffaloes, camel, sheep, goats, horses and donkeys). Based on a rigorous set of uniform criteria for practical, easy-to-use on field conditions, the animal model used to calibrate and validate each grid is the adult female (except the male for horses and donkeys). A six-point BCS grid system is proposed (i.e., from very emaciated -0- to overweighed -5- body conditions), based on visual interpretation of the back and right-lateral sides of each animal. The overall BCS assessment criteria is built on three major anatomical regions (hindquarters; thorax and abdomen; shoulder and neck), and ten related anatomical landmarks, which provide a unique consensual global interpretation of the back and right views. On-field tests of the proposed BCS grids for each animal species revealed acceptable reproducibility with regard to the most conventional, established gold-standards BCS methods (r 2 = 0.67–0.99). The proposed harmonized BCS is relatively simple and must facilitate the adoption of regular, accurate BCS assessment by adequately trained operators linked to tropical animal production environments
Metabolomic profiles of the infection pathways of Calcarisporium cordycipiticola on the cultivated and medicinal mushroom, Cordyceps militaris
No full textInternational audienceCordyceps militaris is a widely cultivated mushroom with multiple medicinal properties. However, the emergence of white mildew disease caused by Calcarisporium cordycipiticola has become a serious dilemma, leading to economic losses in its industrial production. The genome of Ca. cordycipiticola possesses more secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters and a smaller number of genes encoding for carbohydrate-active enzyme secretion than other mycoparasites. To uncover those functional metabolites correlated with the infection process, metabolomic profiles between healthy C. militaris fruit bodies and healthy and diseased parts of infected C. militaris fruit bodies by Ca. cordicipiticola were identified and compared based on untargeted metabolomic analyses. The function of different metabolites during the pathogen infection and host response processes were further analyzed according to their respective metabolic pathways. Results of key metabolic pathway analyses suggested that a sterigmatocystin-like metabolite functions as one of the virulence factors of white mildew disease on C. militaris, whereas S-adenosyl-L-methionine represents a hub intermediate in both processes of pathogen infection and host response, highlighting the relevance of methyl group turnovers in this battle. More importantly, the detection of toxic metabolites in diseased C. militaris fruiting bodies suggests that this macrofungus contaminated by Ca. cordycipiticola should not be consumed due to the risk that it may contain these toxins. This study hypothesizes on the scenario of key metabolic biosynthesis in the battle between Ca. cordycipiticola and C. militaris. The findings not only shed light on the interaction between the pathogen and the host but also provide crucial insights for the development of effective prevention and control strategies in the future
With great uncertainty comes great responsibility: approaches for the specificity of uncertainty in prospective LCA
No full textInternational audienc
A tightly regulated auxin signaling landscape is required for spatial accommodation of lateral roots in Arabidopsis
No full textIn Arabidopsis thaliana , lateral root (LR) development requires spatial accommodation responses in overlying endodermal cells. This includes loss of cell volume whilst maintaining membrane integrity to allow the expansion of the underlying LR primordia (LRPs). These accommodation responses are regulated by auxin-mediated signaling, specifically through Aux/IAA proteins, involving IAA3/SHY2 . Plants that express a stabilized version of SHY2, shy2-2, in differentiated endodermal cells, CASP1 pro ::shy2-2 plants, fail to make LRs. Exogenous treatment with 1- naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) was reported to partially restore LR formation in this spatial accommodation mutant. Using treatments with auxins with different transport properties, such as NAA, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), we assessed the ability of each auxin to rescue LR formation in CASP1 pro ::shy2-2 roots. This revealed that IAA is the most effective in partially restoring LR development, NAA is effective in inducing LRPs but cannot maintain their canonical phenotype, whereas 2,4-D induces non-controlled cell divisions. In addition, we show that in CASP1 pro ::shy2- 2 roots, AUX1 appears to be repressed in the zone where oscillation of the auxin response have been described. Our study advances the understanding of auxin-regulated spatial accommodation mechanisms during LRP formation and highlights the complex interplay of auxin transport and signaling in bypassing the endodermal constraints