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The agroecological transition in the agri-food sector: A long process of convergence towards a new paradigm
No full textThe agrifood sector encountered increasing market segmentation, with the proliferation of public and private quality claims (i.e. labels), which commit the supply chains to the building of differentiated production, processing and distribution practices. We know very little about the way in which value chains move towards agroecology, particularly for value chains with quality labels other than organic farming. From 2022 to 2023, INRAE’s Scientific Division for Agriculture conducted an exploratory project with 11 sector research groups of INRAE to analyse how differentiated supply chains are committing to agroecology. This project, entitled ‘Agroecology and Market’, was based on desk research and interviews with over 60 actors from the interbranch organisations and different stages in agrifood chains. This introductory article presents the rationale for the project, the mission of the INRAE sector research groups and the 28 case studies selected for illustrative purposes in order to conduct this exploratory analysis in a diverse range of production and supply chain contexts.International audienceAgroecology is a paradigm for transforming our agri-food system towards greater sustainability. Technical, organisational and commercial transformations require the convergence of new cognitive, normative and regulative rules. After outlining the institutionalisation of agroecology on an international scale and in French legislation, we present a heuristic framework for thinking about agroecological transition in the agri-food sector using the multilevel perspective from sociotechnical transition studies. This perspective conducts us to build an analytical framework at the level of the value chains to strengthen the understanding of the levers and brakes of the agroecological transition
Guide méthodologique pour la planification territoriale participative
No full textSource Agritrop Cirad (https://agritrop.cirad.fr/614997/) * Autres projets (id;sigle;titre): ;PACTE;(TUN) Programme d’adaptation au changement climatique des territoires vulnérables de Tunisie// * Collectivites auteurs : CIRAD-ES-UMR TETIS - FRA// CIRAD-ES-UMR G-EAU - FRA// INRAE - FRA//International audienceCe guide traite de planification territoriale, un processus stratégique et décisionnel visant à organiser et à programmer le développement d'un territoire en intégrant divers aspects tels que l'utilisation des terres, la gestion des ressources naturelles, l'accès aux biens et aux services publics, les infrastructures et les activités économiques. Il est issu de réflexions et d'expérimentations menées en Tunisie depuis plus de quinze ans par le Ministère de l'Agriculture, des Ressources Hydrauliques et de la Pêche et ses partenaires de l'enseignement supérieur et de la recherche agronomique tunisiens et français
Resource economics of tree communities control soil food web multifunctionality in European forests
No full textRésumé de la communication, page 20 du livret des résumés; TEBIS : Le réseau sur les Traits Écologiques et Biologiques des organIsmes du SolInternational audiencePlants affect terrestrial ecosystem functioning by providing the primary production that energetically sustains heterotrophic organisms, and by shaping microenvironments. However, the influence of plant community properties on ecosystem functioning through their effects on energy flow into food webs has been little studied, especially for soil food webs that channel most of the plant-derived energy. Applying a food web energetics approach, we show that the resource economics of dominant tree species control soil food web multifunctionality across European forests. Specifically, tree communities dominated by resource acquisitive species promoted faster rates of multiple soil trophic functions simultaneously than did those dominated by resource conservative species. This was primarily driven by their production of plant litter with higher nutritional quality and their warmer forest microclimate, leading to a higher metabolic activity of soil organisms. Mixtures of three tree species had rather weak and negative effects on soil food web multifunctionality relative to monocultures, mostly due to a shift in the resource-based energy channelling from living plant fine roots to litter and a cooling effect on the forest microclimate. Tree species mixing effects were largely outweighed by community compositional effects, which were of similar magnitude to the effects of biogeographic differences among locations. Our findings emphasize the importance of plant functional traits related to resource economics as drivers of plant community effects on soil food web functioning and highlight the consequences that climate-driven shifts in tree community composition can have for forest soil functioning
AtSnRK2.4 Functions as an ABA‐Responsive Protein Kinase in Arabidopsis
No full textInternational audienceIn Arabidopsis, members of subclasses I and III of sucrose non-fermenting 1-related subfamily protein kinases 2 (SnRK2) are considered to be mainly osmotic-and ABA-responsive, respectively. In this work, we report on the role of SnRK2.4, a member of subclass I, in shaping plant root architecture (e.g., lateral root growth and root primordia emergence) in response to exogenous ABA. We show that SnRK2.4 is active in standard conditions and upon ABA treatment, with a higher ABA sensitivity than SnRK2.2 and SnRK2.3 from class III. To identify the molecular substrates of SnRK2.4, we compared the transcriptome, proteome, and phosphoproteome of wild-type and snrk2.4 plants, in standard conditions and after a 1 μM ABA treatment. The phosphoproteomic analysis, which relies on 3858 unique phosphopeptides corresponding to 1820 phosphoproteins, revealed that 186 and 277 proteins were under-phosphorylated in snrk2.4 mutants, in control conditions and upon ABA treatment, respectively. A regulation by SnRK2.4 of membrane transporters and cell-to-cell communication was highlighted in both conditions. By contrast, in response to ABA, SnRK2.4 specifically induced a decreased abundance of RNA helicases, suggesting that SnRK2.4 can interfere with mRNA splicing. SnRK2.4 also modulated the phosphorylation of proteins putatively involved in attenuation of ABA signaling, in lipid signaling, and in cellulose biosynthesis, via a complex PK cascade involving mainly calcium-dependent PKs. This work shows that SnRK2.4 is an ABA-responsive SnRK2, with high hormone sensitivity and putative roles in fundamental aspects of cell physiology
La confiance alimentaire en Chine [Introduction]
No full textInternational audienceLait infantile contaminé, huile frelatée, viande transformée : rares sont les produits qui n’ont pas fait l’objet d’un scandale sanitaire en Chine au cours des vingt dernières années, générant un climat de méfiance vis-à-vis des acteurs de la chaîne de production alimentaire et des pouvoirs publics. Se nourrir de façon saine et sûre est une préoccupation quotidienne et généralisée à l’ensemble de la population. Ce numéro réunit cinq enquêtes ethnographiques qui mettent en lumière la manière dont producteurs, consommateurs, administrations, cadres locaux et entreprises privées tentent de recomposer des formes de confiance alimentaire. De la valorisation de circuits courts à l’ouverture de nouveaux marchés par les plateformes numériques, en passant par la réhabilitation de pratiques à rebours de la standardisation et la diversification de la législation en matière d’hygiène régissant le travail dans les restaurants, ces contributions interrogent les dynamiques sociales, économiques et politiques à l’œuvre derrière les discours sur la qualité et la sécurité sanitaire des aliments. Jeunes de retour à la terre, livreurs, cuisiniers ou simples citoyens : l’imbrication d’échelles et l’observation de leurs pratiques au quotidien permettent de poser un regard original sur les enjeux auxquels sont confrontés les systèmes agroalimentaires chinois contemporains
Alternatives aux néonicotinoïdes en culture de betterave : les avancées de la recherche
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Physical and functional interactions of the potassium uptake protein HAK5 and the nitrate transporter NPF6.2 is critical for the mineral nutrition of Arabidopsis
No full textPotassium (K+) starvation induces the expression of gene HAK5 encoding a high-affinity K+ uptake protein, but how plants perceive the K+ status and the signaling intermediaries involved in the response remains largely unknown. To identify key regulators of K+ nutrition in Arabidopsis, a genetic screen was performed using an pHAK5:LUC reporter line, and a mutant showing stable induction of the reporter under K+-sufficient conditions was isolated. Mapping-by-sequencing identified two linked mutations affecting genes involved in K+ and nitrate nutrition, namely a loss-of-function in the K+ uptake channel AKT1 and a gain-of-function allele of the nitrate transporter NPF6.2/NRT1.4 (NPF6.2V210M) that doubled the rate of nitrate transport. We report that the physical interaction of NPF6.2 and HAK5 transport proteins resulted in reciprocal interference. Co-expression in Xenopus oocytes of NPF6.2 with the regulatory kinase CIPK23 or the mutant protein NPF6.2V210M alone inhibited HAK5 transport, whereas HAK5 inhibited nitrate transport by NPF6.2 and NPF6.2V210M. We conclude that mutation NPF6.2V210M enhanced the nutritional defects associated to the loss of AKT1 function through the inhibition of HAK5. These findings evidence an intimate molecular crosstalk between transporters involved in the mineral nutrition of plants. The mutual interference when both transport systems are operative may represent a novel integrative regulatory mechanism in mineral nutrition
Mining Allelic diversity of maize landraces for abiotic and biotic stresses
No full textInternational audienceLandraces are valuable sources of genetic diversity for addressing the challenges of climate change, reducing fertilizers and pesticides but remain underutilized in modern breeding programs. To fill this gap, the MineLandDiv project (Mining Allelic Diversity in Landraces for Tolerance to Abiotic and Biotic stress) aims at (i) identifying maize landraces and favorable alleles for tolerance to abiotic (heat/drought - cold - nitrogen) and biotic stresses (Corn borer) that could be used to broaden genetic diversity of modern breeding germplasms and (ii) better understanding their resilience to variable environmental conditions. We optimized a panel of 341 temperate maize landraces representative of European genetic diversity that we evaluated for roots architecture in platform and for various agronomic and physiological traits across a field trial European network of 6 locations using high troughput phenotyping / envirotyping tools. We observed a strong effect of stress for yield according to treatments and environments. We genotyped DNA pools of these landraces with 600 000 SNPs to conduct genome wide association studies with traits and environmental variables from landrace collecting sites. We identified genomic regions involved in trait and environmental variation. We developed a DNA pool targeted sequencing approach to compare haplotype contents at 14 genomic regions involved in tolerance to abiotic stresses using 372 landraces and 342 inbred lines. We showed that 17% of genetic diversity found in landraces has been lost in inbred lines. We developed genomic prediction that predicted with high accuracy agronomic traits in different environments. First results are encouraging to identify promising alleles and landraces for prebreeding
Assessing the economic impact of insect pollination on the agricultural sector: A department-level case study in France
No full textInternational audiencePollination is a critical ecosystem service for agriculture, with 76 % of European food crops and 80 % of wild plants depending on it. However, bee populations are declining due to diseases, pesticides, and climate change, with major economic and environmental impacts. In France, pollination services are valued between 2,3 and 5,3 billion euros annually, but detailed data at the department scale (NUTS 3) is lacking. This study aims to fill this gap by quantifying the economic value of crop production (EVCP), the economic value of insect pollination (EVIP), and agricultural vulnerability to pollinator loss across all French departments. We analyzed data from 2022 for 34 major crops, of which 26 are pollinator-dependent, applying the dependence ratio method to estimate pollination contributions. We also developed a generalized additive model (GAM) to identify the main drivers of spatial variation in EVIP per hectare. We estimate France's economic value of crop production at 34,8 billion € and economic value of insect pollination at 4,2 billion €, with an agricultural vulnerability rate of 12 %. The highest economic value of insect pollination per hectare was recorded in Loire-Atlantique (19302,5 €/ha) and the lowest in Seine-Saint-Denis (575,5 €/ha). By analyzing crop-specific dependencies and regional production patterns, the study reveals that southern and western France, particularly departments specialized in fruit and vegetables, are most economically dependent and vulnerable to pollinator decline. The GAM explained 97.6 % of the variability in EVIP per hectare, revealing that fruit and vegetable cultivation strongly drives pollination value. The results highlight spatial disparities in pollination dependency and underscore the need for territorially targeted conservation strategies. Compared to previous studies, our findings suggest a significant underestimation of pollination value, highlighting the need for fine-scale entomological research and territorially targeted conservation strategies to support sustainable agricultural development. However, the study has some limitations: certain crop prices had to be approximated, dependence ratios were fixed and do not account for local ecological conditions, and some minor crops were excluded. Despite these constraints, the results remain robust and provide a reliable basis for territorialized conservation policies
L’État indien du Sikkim est-il vraiment « devenu » 100 % bio ?
No full textSituation de l'agriculture dans l'état indien du SikkimCet État du nord de l’Inde communique de plus en plus sur le fait d’avoir une agriculture entièrement sans pesticide. En réalité, il a surtout été exclu de la « révolution verte » des années 1960 et dépend aujourd’hui des États voisins pour nourrir sa population