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Structure de pâtes sans gluten optimisées nutritionnellement : distribution spatiale des constituants majeurs à l'échelle microscopique Nutritionaly optimized gluten free pasta: spatial distribution of key constituents at microscopic scale
No full textInternational audienceLa microstructure des pâtes alimentaires est un des facteurs qui peut expliquer certaines propriétés culinaires ou nutritionnelles. L'agencement des constituants à l'échelle micrométrique est évalué par des observations microscopiques de coupes de pâtes après coloration. Une triple coloration a été optimisée afin de mettre en évidence de façon concomitante l'amidon, les protéines et les structures fibreuses. L'intérêt de cette coloration est discuté pour la caractérisation de pâtes mixtes à base de farines de teff, niébé et feuilles d'amaranthe en regard de pâtes à base de blé dur de différentes teneurs en fibres. Cette caractérisation structurale est ensuite mise en regard avec les différences de propriétés culinaire et nutritionnelles des différents systèmes de pâtes étudiés
L’irrigation et l’agroécologie peuvent-elles faire bon ménage ? Vers une irrigation multiservice.
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The plant cell battle cry: Calcium and transcriptional noise integrate cellular responses for disease resistance
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Real-Time Assessment of PEG-Induced Hydric Stress in Sunflowers Using Spectral Data and ASCA
No full textInternational audienceSpectroscopy and hyperspectral data are widely recognized non-destructive tools for monitoring plant health, enabling real-time detection of both biotic and abiotic stresses [1]. From a decision-making perspective, real-time assessment represents a transformative approach that saves time and resources while promoting more sustainable and environmentally friendly agricultural practices. However, a key challenge lies in selecting and applying the right analytical method capable of effectively unraveling the complexity of such data and delivering actionable insights for rapid decision support. Hydric stress (drought stress) is one of the most important abiotic factors limiting crop growth and development worldwide. It disrupts key physiological processes such as photosynthesis, transpiration, and nutrient uptake, ultimately compromising plant performance. In this study, we implemented a controlled environment experimental setup to better understand plant responses to drought-like conditions. To this end, polyethylene glycol (PEG) was used in our experimental setup, as it is commonly employed to simulate water stress under reproducible conditions. The experiment was conducted over a five-day period to assess the effects of PEG-induced hydric stress and subsequent recovery in sunflower plants. Three out of six plants were treated with PEG, while the others served as untreated controls for the entire duration of the study, providing a baseline for comparison. The PEG treatment was applied over a period of two days, after which it was discontinued to allow for the observation of recovery dynamics. Throughout the five-day experiment, Visible-Near Infrared (VNIR) spectral data were collected from all plants at nine time points to monitor changes in their spectral signatures associated with the pre-stress, stress, and recovery phases. To analyze the resulting spectral data, we applied multivariate statistical approaches to extract patterns over time. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was first used to explore the main sources of variance and visualize the plant responses to stress [2]. While PCA provided initial insight into the temporal dynamics of the stress response, it lacked the ability to isolate the effects of treatment and time. Therefore, we applied ANOVA–Simultaneous Component Analysis (ASCA), which is a method specifically designed to separate structured variation in experimental data [3]. By separating the contributions of PEG treatment, measurement time, and their interaction, ASCA enabled a clearer interpretation of the spectral responses associated with hydric stress progression and recovery. These results demonstrate the potential of ASCA to effectively separate and interpret treatment and temporal effects in spectral data under controlled hydric stress conditions. The clear distinction observed between stressed and control plants, along with the indication of recovery pattern following PEG removal, highlights the potential of this approach for real-time stress assessment
Séquence 1 : Bases de PO²Manager et SPO²Q
No full textMasterAn ontology covering food engineering, animal feed, bioproducts, and biowaste, with a view to integrating data into a circular bioeconomy using a nexus-oriented approach, has been proposed in order to resolve data harmonization issues. This ontology, called PO²TransformON, specializes the Process and Observation Ontology (PO²) model and provides the vocabulary needed to describe any biomass transformation process, as well as to characterize the food, bioproducts, and waste resulting from these processes. As part of the work aimed at using this PO²TransformON ontology, course materials have been created for guided or self-directed training. These materials are organized into six sequence units: •Sequence unit 0: Introduction •Sequence unit 1: Basics of using PO²Manager and SPO²Q •Sequence unit 2: Advanced editing with PO²Manager •Sequence unit 3: Using Project templates and the Convert²PO² script •Sequence unit 4: Data quality improvement •Sequence unit 5: Advanced querying.The Sequence unit 1, presented here, introduces the use of the PO²Manager tool, starting with its installation and followed by a demonstration of the basic features of PO²Manager (ontology, datasets).It also includes a technical memo section that recalls the rules for entering numerical values and units, as well as a final part dedicated to publishing data in the graph database and querying it using the SPO²Q tool.Une ontologie portant sur l’ingénierie des aliments, des aliments pour animaux, des bioproduits et des biodéchets, en vue de l’intégration des données dans une bioéconomie circulaire et selon une approche axée sur les interconnexions (« nexus-oriented approach »), a été proposée afin de résoudre les problèmes d’harmonisation des données. Cette ontologie nommée PO²TransformON spécialise le modèle « Process and Observation Ontology » (PO²) et fournit le vocabulaire nécessaire à la description de tout processus de transformation de biomasse, ainsi qu’à la caractérisation des aliments, bioproduits et déchets issus de ces processus. Dans le cadre des travaux visant à l’utilisation de cette ontologie PO²TransformON, des supports de cours ont été créés dans le but de permettre une formation guidée ou en autonomie. Ces supports sont organisés en six séquences : •Séquence 0 : Introduction, •Séquence 1 : Bases de l’utilisation de PO²Manager et SPO²Q, •Séquence 2 : Édition avancée avec PO²Manager, •Séquence 3 : Utilisation du fichier d'export Projet et du script Convert²PO² •Séquence 4 : Mise en qualité des données, •Séquence 5 : Interrogation avancée.Le support Séquence 1, présenté ici, introduit la prise en main de l’outil PO²Manager, en commençant par son installation, puis par la démonstration des fonctionnalités de base de PO²Manager (ontologie, jeux de données).Il comprend également une section mémo technique rappelant les règles de saisie des valeurs numériques et des unités, ainsi qu’une partie finale consacrée à la publication dans la base graphe et à l’interrogation des données à l’aide de l’outil SPO²Q
REUTE water optimization in Occitanie : biofilm control in the chain of constructed wetlands and drip-irrigation devices
No full textInternational audienceBioROC is an interdisciplinary project funded by the regional challenge Water Occitany. It aims to improve knowledge on the biofilm control in the REUTE chain based on Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) and intended for irrigation. The research in this project focus on the efficiency assessment of innovative practices based on the Living Labs of Toulouse Métropole and Montpellier Métropole Méditerranée. The goal is to test a panel of NBS (+/- microbiodiversity enhanced by invertebrates) to identify the most suitable constructed wetlands (CWs) for reuse methods by drip-irrigation system. The challenges to be addressed are CWs’ clogging and fouling of fertigation systems by microbial biofilm. Indeed, biofilm quality is acting as a facilitator for the wastewater treatment but also as a limiting factor to the whole chain of process in water reuse by drip-irrigation. The heterotrophic biofilm that lives in the substrate media of CWs is the biological compartment that manages the biodegradation of pollutants from sewage water (Gérino et al., 2022). But it is a major constraint to water infiltration when it develops in excess with clogging effects in the filters and drip-irrigation system. The BioROc’s results will help to identify levers for action to control biofilm dynamics in drip-irrigation systems
Copper-accelerated pupation in larvae of the buff-tailed bumble bee
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Parentage and origin of the grapevine cultivar 'Jutrzenka' based on SSR markers
No full textInternational audienceDNA analysis of the Polish grapevine cultivar 'Jutrzenka' enabled the determination of its genetic profile based on 22 SSR markers. Comparative analysis of SSR profiles confirmed its identity with the Russian variety 'Tsvetochnyi', supporting the conclusion that 'Jutrzenka' is a synonym. After the exclusion of 'Jutrzenka''s previously declared parents, 'Villard Blanc' and 'Pinot Blanc', 'Tsvetochnyi' was confirmed as derived by 'Severnyi' × 'Muscat à petits grains blancs', as declared by its breeders.</div
Manure contribution to rural livelihoods at farm and landscape levels: a systemic approach in semi-arid Central Tunisia
No full textInternational audienceManure valorization through on-farm use or market transactions is an ancient and widespread practice in the mixed crop-livestock systems of the semi-arid areas of North Africa. While research has long focused on the manure contribution to soil fertility at the plot level, little has been done concerning livelihood conditions. The present paper aims to assess the contribution of manure use and exchange on the livelihoods of rural communities using an original dataset collected in 2021 among 150 farmers in Central Tunisia. This analysis is carried out within the analytical agroecology framework combined with factor analysis methods. Results showed that manure use and valorization differ along the watershed, from a socioeconomic perspective in small farms operating under rainfed tree-pastoral systems, to an environmental and agronomic perspective in the mixed rainfed-irrigated systems downstream. Manure flow analysis confirmed that on-farm manure balance is positively correlated to economic wealth. However, the manure fluxes questioned the environmental sustainability of the vulnerable zones. Its use and management could significantly impact livelihood discrepancies in the future, with the increasing of demand and use of manure in more favorable zones such as irrigated lands at the detriment of the rainfed zones
Tester l'équivalence des "prédateurs" humains et des réseaux neuronaux profonds dans la détection des papillons nocturnes cryptiques
No full textInternational audienceResearchers have shown growing interest in using deep neural networks (DNNs) to efficiently test the effects of perceptual processes on the evolution of color patterns and morphologies. Whether this is a valid approach remains unclear, as it is unknown whether the relative detectability of ecologically relevant stimuli to DNNs actually matches that of biological neural networks. To test this, we compare image classification performance by humans and six DNNs (AlexNet, VGG-16, VGG-19, ResNet-18, SqueezeNet, and GoogLeNet) trained to detect artificial moths on tree trunks. Moths varied in their degree of crypsis, conferred by different sizes and spatial configurations of transparent wing elements. Like humans, four of six DNN architectures found moths with larger transparent elements harder to detect. However, humans and only one DNN architecture (GoogLeNet) found moths with transparent elements touching one side of the moth's outline harder to detect than moths with untouched outlines. When moths took up a smaller proportion of the image (i.e., were viewed from further away), the camouflaging effect of transparent elements touching the moth's outline was reduced for DNNs but enhanced for humans. Viewing distance can thus interact with camouflage type in opposing directions in humans and DNNs, which warrants a deeper investigation of viewing distance/size interactions with a broader range of stimuli. Overall, our results suggest that humans and DNN responses had some similarities, but not enough to justify widespread use of DNNs for studies of camouflage.Les chercheurs s'intéressent de plus en plus à l'utilisation des réseaux neuronaux profonds (RNP) pour tester les effets des processus perceptifs sur l'évolution des motifs et des morphologies des couleurs. La validité de cette approche reste incertaine, car on ne sait pas si la détectabilité relative des stimuli écologiquement pertinents pour les réseaux neuronaux profonds correspond réellement à celle des réseaux neuronaux biologiques. Pour le vérifier, nous avons comparé les performances de classification d'images des humains et de six réseaux neuronaux numériques (AlexNet, VGG-16, VGG-19, ResNet-18, SqueezeNet et GoogLeNet) entraînés à détecter des papillons de nuit artificiels sur des troncs d'arbres. Les papillons artificiels variaient dans leur degré de crypsis, conféré par différentes tailles et configurations spatiales des éléments transparents des ailes. À l'instar des humains, quatre des six architectures DNN ont trouvé que les papillons artificiels dotés d'éléments transparents plus grands étaient plus difficiles à détecter. Cependant, les humains et une seule architecture DNN (GoogLeNet) ont trouvé que les papillons dont les éléments transparents touchaient un côté du contour du papillon étaient plus difficiles à détecter que les papillons dont le contour n'était pas touché. Lorsque les papillons occupent une plus petite proportion de l'image (c'est-à-dire lorsqu'ils sont vus de plus loin), l'effet de camouflage des éléments transparents touchant le contour du papillon est réduit pour les DNN, mais renforcé pour les humains. La distance d'observation peut donc interagir avec le type de camouflage dans des directions opposées chez les humains et les DNN, ce qui justifie une étude plus approfondie des interactions entre la distance d'observation et la taille avec une gamme plus large de stimuli. Dans l'ensemble, nos résultats suggèrent que les réponses des humains et des DNN présentent certaines similitudes, mais invite à l'utilisation prudente des DNN pour les études sur le camouflage