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Natural variation in chalcone isomerase defines a major locus controlling growth variation between Populus nigra populations
No full textPoplar is a promising resource for wood production and the development of lignocellulosic biomass, but currently available varieties have not been optimized for these purposes. Therefore, it is critical to investigate the genetic variability and mechanisms underlying traits that affect biomass yield. Previous studies have shown that target traits in different poplar species are complex, with a small number of genetic factors having relatively low effects compared to medium to high heritability. In this study, a systems biology approach was implemented, combining genomic, transcriptomic, and phenotypic information from a large collection of individuals from natural populations of black poplar from Western Europe. Such an approach identified a QTL and a gene, chalcone isomerase (CHI), as a candidate for controlling radial growth. Additionally, analysis of the structure and diversity of traits as well as CHI gene expression revealed a high allelic fixation index, linked to the geographical origin of the natural populations under study. These findings provide insights into how adaptive traits arise, are selected, and maintained in the populations. Overall, this study contributes to enhancing the use of poplar as a valuable resource for sustainable biomass production
Which dietary shifts to improve nutritional quality while reducing diet cost in the French West Indies?
No full textInternational audienceBackground: The French West Indies are facing increasing rates of obesity and diet-related chronic diseases. Food prices are more than 30% higher compared with mainland France, while a large part of the population is socioeconomically disadvantaged. The affordability of a healthy diet is a key issue. Objective: To identify dietary shifts allowing to achieve nutritional adequacy while reducing the cost of Guadeloupean and Martinican adult diets. Methods: Dietary intakes of 1112 adults (≥16y) were obtained from a cross-sectional survey conducted on a representative sample of the Guadeloupean and Martinican populations. Diet cost was based on mean prices of 1357 foods compiled from a Martinican supermarket website. Individual optimized diets respecting all nutritional recommendations with minimized departure from the initial diet were designed under different scenarios of cost constraint: none, not exceeding the initial diet cost (COSTinit), and 10%-step reductions (COST-X%); the initial diet cost referring to the cost of the diet based on initial dietary intakes and mean food prices. Results: Without cost constraint, achieving nutritional adequacy while departing the least from initial diet increased diet cost on average (+20%) and for 74% of adults.In COSTinit, achieving nutritional adequacy was possible for 98% of adults and induced an increase in the amount of fruit & vegetables, unrefined starches, dairy products (especially milk), eggs and vegetable fats, and a decrease in sweetened beverages (especially among <30y), refined cereals, sweetened products, meat and fish. In COST-30% scenario, achieving nutritional adequacy was possible for 93% of adults and induced the same dietary shifts as in COSTinit, but modified their magnitude, notably a smaller increase of vegetables (increase of +7g/d in the COST-30% scenario and +86g/d in the COSTinit scenario, both relative to initial diet), a larger increase of dairy (+90g/d and +72g/d, respectively) and starchy foods (+112 and +54g/d), and a larger reduction of meat (-48g/d and -12g/d). Increases in fruits (~+80g/d) and unrefined starches (+127g/d), and the decrease in sweetened beverages (~-100g/d) and fish (~ -40g/d) were maintained.Conclusions: Nutrition prevention programs promoting the affordable and nutritious dietary shifts identified in the present study, i.e. reduction in animal flesh foods (meat, fish) as well as refined cereals and sweet products in favour of an increase in healthy plant-based foods and animal co-products (dairy, eggs), could help improve nutritional adequacy of the Guadeloupean and Martinican populations
Nutritional contributions and processability of pasta made from climate-smart, sustainable crops: A critical review
No full textInternational audiencetotal or partial replacement of traditional durum wheat semolina (DwS) by alternative flours, such as legumes or wholegrain cereals in pasta improves their nutritional quality and can make them interesting vector for fortification. climate-smart gluten-free (c-GF) flours, such as legumes (bambara groundnut, chickpea, cowpea, faba bean, and pigeon pea), some cereals (amaranth, teff, millet, and sorghum), and tubers (cassava and orange fleshed sweet potato), are of high interest to face ecological transition and develop sustainable food systems. in this review, an overview and a critical analysis of their nutritional potential for pasta production and processing conditions are undertaken. Special emphasis is given to understanding the influence of formulation and processing on techno-functional and nutritional (starch and protein digestibility) properties. Globally c-GF flours improve pasta protein quantity and quality, fibers, and micronutrients contents while keeping a low glycemic index and increasing protein digestibility. However, their use introduces anti-nutritional factors and could lead to the alteration of their techno-functional properties (higher cooking losses, lower firmness, and variability in color in comparison to classical DwS pasta). Nevertheless, these alternative pasta remain more interesting in terms of nutritional and techno-functional quality than traditional maize and rice-based gluten free pasta
A note on the top Lyapunov exponent of linear cooperative systems
No full textInternational audienceIn a recent paper [Asymptotic of the largest Floquet multiplier for cooperative matrices Annales de la Faculté des Sciences de Toulouse, Tome XXXI, no 4 (2022)] P. Carmona gives an asymptotic formulae for the top Lyapunov exponent of a linear T-periodic cooperative differential equation, in the limit T goes to infinity. This short note discusses and extends this result
Repenser le foncier rural au Maghreb. Appropriation, individualisation et accaparement de la terre au Maroc et en Tunisie
No full textSource Agritrop Cirad (https://agritrop.cirad.fr/616952/)International audienceEn rassemblant de riches études de cas, au Maroc et en Tunisie, cet ouvrage collectif propose un regard attentif sur ce qu'on pourrait appeler " les propriétés collectives face aux attaques libérales contemporaines ", en référence à l'ouvrage coordonné par Marie-Helène Démélas et Nadine Vivier et qui portait sur l'Europe de l'ouest et l'Amérique latine au XIXe (Démélas et Vivier, 2003). Au croisement des doctrines du développement économique et de l'économie politique des pays, les politiques foncières ont en effet oscillé depuis cette date entre deux logiques : celle de la promotion de la propriété privée et volonté de démantèlement des régulations locales/coutumières, aboutissant à une concentration des terres, souvent entre les mains d'acteurs externes mais aussi entre celles d'élites locales ; et celle de la promotion d'une agriculture familiale, avec selon les cas reconnaissance des formes locales d'organisation foncière, redistribution des terres par la réforme agraire, voire recréation d'instances communautaires, avec là aussi des différenciations internes parfois fortes (Léonard et Lavigne Delville, 2022)
Similar phylogeographic history in a fig species and its obligate pollinators forms parallel genetic structure
No full textInternational audienceAbstract Closely related and co-distributed species usually share a common phylogeographic history, but it remains unclear whether ecologically interacting species can respond synchronously to historical climate changes. Here, we focused on a fig–pollinator mutualism comprising Ficus pumila var. pumila and its obligate pollinators (morphospecies Wiebesia pumilae), and collected samples across most of their distribution ranges. We employed cytoplasmic DNA sequences and nuclear microsatellite loci to reveal the species composition within the pollinators and to test whether the two mutualists exhibited similar postglacial phylogeographic patterns. We identified three cryptic pollinator species, with two dominant cryptic species exhibiting parapatric distributions in the northern and southern parts of the plant’s range, respectively. Similar current spatial genetic structures were detected in the two dominant cryptic pollinator species and the host plant, with both showing eastern and western genetic clusters. Moreover, evidence for postglacial expansion was found for all three species, and their potential refugia during the Last Glacial Maximum were located in the eastern and western parts of their distribution ranges. These results suggest synchronous responses to historical climate changes. Our study demonstrates congruent phylogeographic patterns between obligate mutualists and highlights the role of biogeographic factors in shaping the current biodiversity across trophic levels
Decreased root hydraulic traits in German winter wheat cultivars over 100 years of breeding
No full textInternational audienceWheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plays a vital role in global food security, and understanding its root traits is essential for improving water uptake under varying environmental conditions. This study investigated how over a century of breeding has influenced root morphological and hydraulic properties in six German winter wheat cultivars released between 1895 and 2002. Field and hydroponic experiments were used to measure root diameter, root number, branching density, and whole root system hydraulic conductance (Krs). The results showed a significant decline in root axes number and Krs with release year, while root diameter remained stable across cultivars. Additionally, dynamic functional-structural modeling using the whole-plant model CPlantBox was employed to simulate Krs development with root system growth, revealing that older cultivars consistently had higher hydraulic conductance than modern ones. The combined approach of field phenotyping and modeling provided a comprehensive view of the changes in root traits arising from breeding. These findings suggest that breeding may have unintentionally favored cultivars with smaller root systems and more conservative water uptake strategies under the high-input, high-density conditions of modern agriculture. The results of this study may inform future breeding efforts aimed at optimizing wheat root systems, helping to develop cultivars with water uptake strategies better tailored to locally changing environmental conditions
Book review: Mirko Tobias Schäfer, Karin van Es and Tracey P. Lauriault (eds.), Collaborative Research in the Datafied Society, Amsterdam University Press, 2024
No full textInternational audienceCollaborative Research in the Datafied Society proposes an urgent reorientation of both scholarly practice and academic imagination. It is not a catalogue of techniques or a fashionable plea for "engagement"; it compels readers to reckon with what it means to do research with and through others, in contexts where data is not merely a topic but the medium of social and institutional life.What distinguishes the book is its refusal to treat "collaboration" as a managerial fix, bureaucratic imposition, or neutral method. Instead, collaboration is framed as a profound epistemological and political pivot -a way of resisting the fragmentation of knowledge, the isolation of disciplinary expertise, and academia's self-referential enclosures. The book urges research that is dialogic, open to outside voices, and socially engaged. It repositions the researcher from distant observer or "expert" to engaged interlocutor and co-producer of knowledge, weaving research with practices across public, civic, and technical domains. Collaboration thereby becomes a working space where power, justice, care, and responsibility intersect.This shift is not merely procedural; it challenges foundational academic assumptions and demands humility (Jasanoff 2003) -a willingness to cede authority, question "excellence" metrics, and engage in collectively negotiated and provisional problems, outcomes, and ownership. In this way, Collaborative Research in the Datafied Society situates itself as both a critical contribution and a call for new forms of scholarly responsibility. The book resonates with STS critiques of scientific authority (Haraway 1988) and recent calls in critical data studies for care and co-production (D'Ignazio and Klein 2020), while insisting that, in a world whose infrastructures are increasingly algorithmic, dynamic, and contested, such scholarly responsibility is not optional but urgent.A first transversal theme is the centrality of power, with accountability built into the politics of knowledge production. The book follows how claims are negotiated, disputed, and made actionable in data-saturated settings, and it keeps asking whose interests data work serves. This extends long-running STS debates on expertise, publics, and participation -from expert-lay relations (Collins and Evans 2002) to democratising science (Guston 2004; Fischer 2009) and concerns about asymmetries in ostensibly "open" science (Fox et al. 2021)
Plans de gestion des données : recommandations pour une gestion responsable et ouverte des données
No full textLe plan de gestion des données (PGD) s'est imposé en quelques années comme un élément structurant du paysage de la recherche française et européenne. Instrument central de la gestion responsable et ouverte des données, essentiel à la qualité et à la reproductibilité de la recherche, le PGD répond à une double ambition : garantir la rigueur scientifique tout en favorisant le partage des données selon les principes FAIR. Par ailleurs, les chercheurs financés par l’ANR ou par la Commission européenne s’engagent à fournir un PGD dans les 6 mois qui suivent le démarrage de leur projet.Pour autant, l’appropriation effective du PGD par les communautés scientifiques demeure limitée. Des enquêtes récentes mettent en évidence une méconnaissance persistante du PGD, ainsi que l’existence de freins récurrents (manque de temps, charge de travail supplémentaire, inquiétudes liées à la réutilisation des données ou déficit de compétences dédiées…). Ce décalage entre usages effectifs et politiques institutionnelles se traduit par une perception du PGD comme contrainte administrative plutôt que comme outil pour accompagner le processus de recherche scientifique. Il en résulte des pratiques hétérogènes, des modèles et outils fragmentés, ainsi que des coûts de production et de mise à jour difficiles à rationaliser. Il interroge plus largement la capacité du PGD à s’inscrire durablement dans les pratiques de recherche et à produire une réelle valeur ajoutée pour les équipes.La problématique centrale devient alors la suivante : comment concevoir et déployer des PGD qui, tout en répondant aux principes FAIR et aux besoins de planification et de transparence dans la gestion des données, constituent des outils opérationnels, durables et utiles pour les équipes de recherche, contribuant à réduire la charge administrative, à améliorer la qualité des données et à renforcer l’interopérabilité au sein de l’écosystème de la recherche ?Face à ces constats, l’évolution vers des PGD interopérables et machine actionable ouvre de nouvelles perspectives. En facilitant l’automatisation de certaines tâches, l’intégration aux systèmes d’information existants et la circulation des métadonnées, ces approches permettent d’envisager le PGD comme un véritable outil d’accompagnement à la gestion des données pour les chercheurs, et un outil d’aide décision, d’anticipation stratégique et d’optimisation des pratiques de recherche pour les institutions
Trois sources karstiques franc-comtoises incluses à l'inventaire mondial des sources majeures
No full textInternational audienceAmong 14 French springs proposed by the French committee of MIKAS project, and validated by the world’s committee, three are situated in the Franche-Comté region. These are the Loue, the Lison and Arcier springs, based on 5 selection criteria: historical, aesthetical, economic, scientific and ecological values.Parmi les 14 sources françaises proposées par le comité français du projet MIKAS, et validées par le comité mondial, trois sont situées en Franche-Comté. Il s'agit des sources d'Arcier, du Lison et de la Loue, retenues sur 5 critères de sélection : intérêts historique, esthétique, économique, scientifique et écologique