Portail HAL Institut Agro Montpellier
Not a member yet
54878 research outputs found
Sort by
Branching formation of apple trees grown under contrasting growing conditions in a mild winter region
No full textInternational audienceThe expansion of apple cultivation into subtropical climates has necessitated effective strategies to ensure high and consistent productivity. Adapting apple trees to mild winter regions involves challenges in lateral sprouting, which is partly related to the accumulation of chill. This study aimed to investigate the budding patterns of different apple tree cultivars in two sites with contrasting environmental cultivation. The study was conducted in two orchards in a mild winter region of Brazil: Horizonte orchard (ideal cultivation environment) and Lovo orchard (marginal cultivation environment). The selected apple cultivars included ‘Eva’, ‘Fuji Suprema’, and ‘Galaxy’. The experimental design involved marking five one-year-old shoots on five plants at each site and cultivar during the winter for two consecutive years. At the onset of the subsequent autumn, the marked branches were collected to assess the development of lateral shoots. In addition, the total number of spurs and shoots was counted in each orchard. The ‘Gala’ cultivar exhibited consistent spurs per plant across both sites. However, the ‘Fuji’ cultivar demonstrated a substantial increase in total spurs per plant in the low chill environment, with no discernible change in the development of lateral spurs, suggesting a high bourse-over-bourse formation. In orchards with higher chill accumulation, both cultivars necessitated high pruning due to excessive long shoots, underscoring the importance of adapted training systems and cultural practices to each growing region. Further research must enhance our understanding of plant architecture in mild winter regions
Usages d'AgroPortal dans des systèmes d'information à INRAE
No full textNational audienceAgroPortal is an ontology repository or a semantic artefact catalogue specialized in agriculture, food, and the environment. Launched in 2015, AgroPortal has become a key component of digital infrastructures to leverage semantic interoperability of data and their compliance with the FAIR principles. This article presents the uses of AgroPortal at INRAE –for its primary mission of hosting and serving semantic artefacts. Examples of integrations of these artefacts in different INRAE information systems–highlight the benefits of their use in scientific data management, annotation, & research tools.AgroPortal est un portail d'ontologies et d'artefacts sémantiques spécialisé dans les domaines de l'agriculture, de l'alimentation et de l'environnement. Lancé en 2015, AgroPortal est devenu un composant clé pour les infrastructures numériques pour favoriser l'interopérabilité sémantique des données et leur conformité aux principes FAIR. Cet article présente les usages d'AgroPortal à INRAE pour sa mission principale d'héberger et servir les artefacts sémantiques. Des exemples d'intégrations de ces ontologies dans différents systèmes d'informations à INRAE mettent en avant les bénéfices apportés par leur exploitation dans les outils de gestion, d'annotation ou de recherche de données
Key to families of chalcidoidea
No full textInternational audienceThe logical basis of identification keys and the principles underlying character selection are briefly discussed. The key is dichotomous in form and is intended to identify all known Chalcidoidea species to family, or in some cases to a lower level incertae sedis taxon. A set of shortcuts is provided to direct users to major branch points in the key. The key itself is composed of 116 couplets, divided into 11 sections: Part 1: Divergent and early-branching groups; Part 2: Most taxa with 4 or fewer tarsomeres; Part 3: Species with 5 tarsomeres (at least in fore and hind legs); Part 3.1: Acropleuron expanded; Part 3.2: Metafemur with ventral teeth; Part 3.3: Antenna with 8 or fewer flagellomeres; Part 3.4: Eyes ventrally divergent; Part 3.5: Antenna with 10 or fewer flagellomeres; Part 3.6: Generalized taxa with 11 or 12 flagellomeres in some members; Part 3.6.1: Occipital carina always present; and Part 3.6.2: Occipital carina either absent or present. Each couplet is illustrated with figure embedded directly in the body of the key
Fossils and evolutionary history of chalcidoidea
No full textInternational audienceThe fossil record of chalcid wasps is sparse, which may be explained by rare fossilization of these minute wasps, but also by the extreme difficulty of both finding the fossils and assigning them to a valid taxonomic level. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the fossils and subfossils of chalcid wasps based on a newly compiled dataset from the literature and unpublished data. We discuss the validity and taxonomic placement of each fossil. We also provide an overview of the environment where fossils occurred through a compilation of past environments and local habitat conditions. Finally, we attempt to synthesize what paleontology currently tells us about the appearance and evolution of the major lineages of chalcid wasps in past ecosystems. The fossil record is represented by 211 species (including 15 unavailable names, and 12 still undescribed, but much more certainly remains to be described). The oldest chalcid fossil taxon is †Cretaxenomerus jankotejai (Protoitidae) and all other species from Lebanese amber but the diversity of the superfamily is not captured until first in Oise amber and then in Baltic amber, with 35 families then present. Many of the initially described species were incorrectly assigned to extant genera and often misclassified at the family level. Most chalcid fossils are described from amber, which often allows for extremely detailed morphological examination. Our results suggest that wasps of Mesozoic age globally are smaller than those trapped in deposits of Cenozoic age, which corroborates phylogenomic hypotheses suggesting that the first lineages of chalcidoids were minute in size and only during the Cenozoic was a larger size evolved
Raunkiæran shortfalls: Challenges and perspectives in trait‐based ecology
No full textThis study coincides with Sandra Lavorel's CNRS Gold Medal rewarding 30 years of research on trait-based ecology.International audienceTrait-based ecology, a prominent research field identifying traits linked to the distribution and interactions of organisms and their impact on ecosystem functioning, has flourished in the last three decades. Yet, the field still grapples with critical challenges, broadly framed as Raunkiaeran shortfalls. Recognizing and interconnecting these limitations is vital for designing and prioritizing research objectives and mainstreaming trait-based approaches across a variety of organisms, trophic levels, and biomes. This strategic review scrutinizes eight major limitations within trait-based ecology, spanning scales from organisms to the entire biosphere. Challenges range from defining and measuring traits (SF 1), exploring intraspecific variability within and across individuals and populations (SF 2), understanding the complex relationships between trait variation and fitness (SF 3), and discerning trait variations with underlying evolutionary patterns (SF 4). This review extends to community assembly (SF 5), ecosystem functioning and multitrophic relationships (SFs 6 and 7), and global repositories and scaling (SF 8). At the core of trait-based ecology lies the ambition of scaling up processes from individuals to ecosystems by exploring the ecological strategies of organisms and connecting them to ecosystem functions across multiple trophic levels. Achieving this goal necessitates addressing key limitations embedded in the foundations of trait-based ecology. After identifying key SFs, we propose pathways for advancing trait-based ecology, fortifying its robustness, and unlocking its This study coincides with Sandra Lavorel's CNRS Gold Medal rewarding 30 years of research on trait-based ecology
Usage de technologies dans les infrastructures d’expérimentation avec les petits ruminants à INRAe (Sm@RT) et le suivi des protocoles (TechCare).
No full textInternational audienc
Comparative genomics reveals substantial divergence in metal sensitive and metal tolerant isolates of the ericoid mycorrhizal fungus Oidiodendron maius
No full textInternational audienceSome heavy metal tolerant fungal isolates capable of forming ericoid mycorrhiza can also confer increased metal tolerance to the host plant. One of these fungal isolates, Oidiodendron maius Zn, has been characterized and a few molecular mechanisms underlying its metal tolerant phenotype have been identified. Here, we investigate the genomic divergences between the available genome of O. maius Zn and the genomes of metal tolerant and sensitive isolates of O. maius, with the aim of identifying genes or intergenic regions possibly involved in the display of the tolerance. The resequenced genomes of 8 tolerant and 10 sensitive isolates were mapped on the reference, O. maius Zn, yielding 357 gene models from the reference that were either missing or too polymorphic to be identified in the genomes of the sensitive isolates. These regions included genes with functions related to defense mechanisms and with unknown functions. One third of the predicted gene models turned out to be highly polymorphic, including many enriched GO terms, i.e. DNA/RNA metabolism and modification, chromosome/ chromatin organization, protein biosynthesis, metabolism and function, energy consumption/transfer and mitochondrion. Overall, our findings indicate that the tolerant phenotype in O. maius likely arises from multiple genetic adaptations rather than a singular mechanism.</div
GWAS On Multiple Traits And Resilience Indicators : A Step Towards Peach Ideotypes Adapted To Pesticide Reduction
No full textInternational audienceFruit trees, as perennial plants, continuously face the threat of various pests and diseases, making disease resilience essential for their survival and productivity. We define resilience as the tree ability to sustain itself or quickly recover after exposure to pathogens, aiming to design ‘resilient ideotypes’ that can maintain growth and productivity despite environmental pressures. This study proposes to evaluate disease resilience in a 206 individual peach core-collection by measuring so-called resilience biomarkers, including trunk growth, flower density, and fruit load. These measurements were conducted alongside visual assessments of 7 pest and disease symptoms in low phytosanitary conditions at three locations in southeastern France during three consecutive seasons. From this large dataset, we developed a multi-disease index and a four-category resilience classification to identify peach varieties that can withstand multiple biotic stresses. Finally, we compared i) multivariate GWAS model, ii) index based GWAS and iii) PCA based multi-trait genome-wide association studies (GWAS).Our findings demonstrated the effectiveness of these biomarkers in defining resilient varieties tailored to their specific environments. Sixteen co-localizing peaks were identified, suggesting possible pleiotropic effects of genes that influence immunity against multiple pests, diseases, and resilience indices. As a result, this study offers initial insights into the genetic structure of disease resilience components in peach.By prioritizing resilience in breeding programs, we aim to develop more sustainable orchards via the use of varieties that can resist diseases while minimizing the use of pesticides
Arrangements de protection sociale et conditions de vie : une application à Madagascar
No full textInternational audienceWithin the analytical framework of local social protection systems, this article explores the diversity of social protection arrangements and their association with household living conditions in Madagascar. To do this, we use data from an innovative survey, the Sysmipro survey. Our empirical investigations enabled us to identify four social protection arrangements, combining formal, semi-formal, and informal mechanisms. Furthermore, we show that these arrangements and their relationship with the objective and subjective living conditions of households are significantly shaped by local contexts, the presence of aid actors, and prevailing social norms.En lien avec le cadre d’analyse des systèmes locaux de protection sociale, cet article explore la diversité des arrangements de protection sociale et leur association avec les conditions de vie des ménages à Madagascar. Pour cela, nous mobilisons les données d’une enquête innovante, l’enquête Sysmipro. Nos investigations empiriques permettent d’identifier quatre arrangements de protection sociale articulant des mécanismes formels, semi-formels et informels. Nous montrons également que ces arrangements et leur relation avec les conditions de vie objectives et subjectives des ménages sont largement influencés par les contextes locaux, la présence d’acteurs de l’aide et les normes sociales