Portail HAL Institut Agro Montpellier
Not a member yet
54878 research outputs found
Sort by
Electoral plutocracy
No full textInternational audiencePrevious research shows that elected governments primarily follow the preferences of high-income citizens, but the reasons for this remain controversial. In the present paper, we introduce a new synthetic measure of electoral plutocracy, i.e. the relative electoral weight of the rich compared to the poor for a given government in a parliamentary regime. The index takes into account three sources of electoral distortion that may favor the rich: i) the conversion of persons into votes (turnout), ii) the conversion of votes into seats (representation), iii) the conversion of seats into government portfolios (coalition). Using survey data on parliamentary democracies since the late 1990s, we show that, on average, a person above the median income is electorally worth 1.16 times a person below the median income (and a person from the 10th decile is electorally worth 1.48 times a person from the 1st decile). This is mainly explained by higher turnout and higher participation in governing coalitions of parties supported electorally by the rich. Finally, we illustrate the interest of our index by re-testing the Meltzer-Richard hypothesis on the link between income inequality and redistribution. We show that the positive effect of inequality on redistribution is moderated by the level of electoral plutocracy
Potential of handheld low-cost multispectral sensors for decision support in viticulture
No full textInternational audienceLow-cost multispectral sensors have recently been commercialized, paving the way for decision support in a wide variety of agricultural applications (fertilization, grass cover management, etc.). Such sensors have seldom been tested for agricultural applications taking into account practical constraints (external environment, expected accuracy, etc.). This study proposes to investigate the measurement characteristics of the "AS7265x" (by AMS) which, with 18 spectral bands ranging from blue to near infrared light and a low cost, presents a real potential for a wide range of applications in agriculture, and especially in viticulture. This work proposes a holistic approach including tests of the "AS7265x" in controlled conditions to validate the measurement characteristics in terms of accuracy, repeatability and reproducibility as well as experiments carried out in the field to validate the potential of the sensor in assessing agronomic information in outdoor conditions. Three different "AS7265x" sensors were tested in controlled conditions to assess the accuracy and the repeatability of the 18 different spectral bands as well as the reproducibility of the measurements from one sensor to another. To assess the sensor's suitability for field applications, two experiments were conducted using different vegetation indices (VIs). The first experiment involved proximal sensing to estimate weed coverage on the soil surface, categorized into five classes ranging from class 1 (0-20%) to class 5 (80-100%), and to evaluate plant vigor using the NDVI. The second experiment utilized contact mode with active light to estimate the nitrogen status of grapevine leaves using four adapted VIs: BGI, SIPI, NI_Tian, and NI_Wang. These two applications were chosen to explore the potential of the large diversity of wavebands available on the sensor as well as different acquisition modes (proximal detection, contact detection). For both experiments, results were compared to specific sensors intended as reference for the considered measurements. Regarding measurement characteristics in controlled conditions, results show that although accurate, the sensors present some bias specific to each spectral band and each sensor. These drawbacks require each sensor to be specifically calibrated before use which may limit their dissemination in agriculture. Once calibrated, results of proximal NDVI measurements performed with the sensor are consistent when compared to a Greenseeker (R²=0.87 for NDVI < 0.75). The sensor also allows to discriminate significantly (p < 0.05) two levels of vine vigour when plants were grown in different conditions. Regarding the measurement of nitrogen status, the sensor shows a good correlation (R 2 = 0.78) between Precision Agriculture (2025) 26:66NI_Wang index and the NBI reference value observed with the Dualex sensor. This work highlights the potential of "AS7265x" sensor to access objective agronomic information. It also highlights its limitations when it comes to acquire reference data. In this case, the quality of the sensor requires a calibration procedure specific to each sensor for each waveband</p
Climate knowledge matters: A causal analysis of knowledge and individual carbon emissions
No full textInternational audienceIn this paper, we investigate the causal link between individuals' objectively assessed knowledge of climate change and their personal carbon footprints. Using a novel survey of 780 participants, we comprehensively measure perceived and actual climate knowledge, as well as individual beliefs, intentions, and behaviors. We find that individuals tend to overestimate their climate knowledge, with those possessing lower actual knowledge exhibiting the highest overestimation. While simple correlations indicate a weak negative relationship between objective knowledge and carbon footprint, our instrumental variable approach reveals a substantially stronger causal effect: individuals with greater objectively assessed climate knowledge tend to exhibit significantly lower carbon footprints. This effect varies across footprint subcomponents, showing strong proportional reductions in transport-related emissions, moderate reductions in food-related emissions, and no discernible effect in housing, miscellaneous and digital consumption. Our results highlight the importance of addressing knowledge gaps as a pathway to enhancing climate action at the individual level. By using a refined knowledge scale and accounting for confounding variables, we provide robust evidence that increasing factual climate knowledge can meaningfully contribute to lowering carbon footprints -by up to 1 ton of CO 2 -equivalent per year. These findings call for targeted educational interventions that go beyond raising awareness to actively improving public understanding of effective mitigation strategies
No short-term response of microbial or isopod-driven litter decomposition to microplastics
No full textInternational audienceMicroplastic pollution is a growing threat to soils, but its effects on plant litter decomposition remains poorly understood. Particularly, it is unclear how the contribution of soil microorganisms and detritivores to litter decomposition is affected by microplastic pollution. To address this knowledge gap, we evaluated the effect of increasing microplastic concentrations on microbial and isopod-driven litter decomposition, separately, in a one-month full-factorial microcosm experiment under controlled conditions. Contrary to expectations, neither decomposition by microorganisms nor isopods were affected significantly by increased microplastic concentrations. Furthermore, isopod body weight remained unaffected by increased microplastic concentrations. This suggests that microplastics pollution has no observable short-term impact on the contribution of neither microbial nor faunal decomposers to plant litter decomposition. This contrasts with few recent studies that reported positive effects on microbial activity, negative effects on detritivore activity, and an overall positive effect of microplastics on litter decomposition. Microplastic type, concentration, exposure time and application mode likely influence microplastic effects on soil processes, and future research should thus focus on longer-term experiments with environmentally relevant microplastic composition and concentrations
Les installés « non issus du milieu agricole » : des producteurs comme les autres ?
No full textNational audienceLe ministère de l'Agriculture et de la Souveraineté alimentaire a financé, en 2024, cinq recherches sur le thème des « nouveaux actifs agricoles ». Le projet AgriDinamo, piloté par l'INP-AgroToulouse, visait à caractériser ces nouveaux actifs, en s'intéressant à leur profil socio-démographique et à leur trajectoire professionnelle, mais également au projet d'installation et à l'organisation productive qu'ils portent 1 . Cette note en présente certains résultats. Elle montre que ces nouveaux actifs participent, au même titre que les autres, au renouvellement des structures agricoles. En documentant la grande diversité des projets d'entreprise et la complexité des processus d'installation, elle remet en cause l'existence d'une dualité entre exploitants issus et non issus du milieu agricole
The role of glutaredoxins in regulating root function and development in response to environmental changes
No full textInternational audienceBackgroundThe many changes in environmental conditions mean that plants have a wide range of responses that enable them to adapt constantly. Among the molecular players involved, glutaredoxins (GRXs), small proteins associated with redox metabolism, have emerged in recent years as key elements. While classes I and II of this family of regulators are clearly associated with redox pathways, class III GRXs, which are specific to plants, appear to be involved in signaling pathways without clear redox activity. GRXs are central to a variety of responses to the environment, and their role in regulating root function and development has recently been the subject of numerous studies.Scope.The aim of this review is to describe the role of GRXs in the regulation of root function and development in response to the environment. After describing the biochemical functions of GRXs according to their class and their specific features in plants, we aim to illustrate how class II and III GRXs are involved in the mechanisms by which plants adapt to the environment, and in particular in the regulation of root traits. Although their involvement has been described in the response to multiple environmental variations, we also illustrate that many members of class III have a specific and critical role in root nitrate signaling.ConclusionWe conclude that GRXs are emerging as major players in the response to environmental variations. The development of a sub-family specific to plants, and their biochemical divergence, currently make them regulators of particular interest for understanding plant adaptation to climate constraints
Méthode d'adaptation d'une ontologie d'application : cas des expérimentations agronomiques
No full texthttps://pfia2025.u-bourgogne.fr/conferences/ic/Actes_IC2025_PFIA.pdfNational audienceWe present a method for reengineering an application ontology in order to improve its quality in order to meet current knowledge engineering requirements : inferences, ontologies alignment, coherency, ... Application ontologies are used in existing information systems and are not directly intended to be shared by a large community. We have therefore identified several activities to adapt an application ontology. The main one being the usage or the construction of a domain ontology. The domain ontology is aligned with reference ontologies. We applied our method to an ontology created over 10 years ago in the domain of agronomic experimentation data management.Nous présentons une méthode pour adapter une ontologie d'application afin d'améliorer sa qualité pour qu'elle réponde aux exigences d'ingénierie des connaissances : inférence, alignement avec d'autres ontologies, cohérence, etc. Les ontologies d'application sont majoritairement utilisées dans les systèmes d'information et n'ont pas pour vocation à être partagées directement dans une large communauté. Nous avons ainsi identifié plusieurs activités pour adapter une ontologie d'application dont la principale est la construction/utilisation d'une ontologie du domaine. Nous avons appliqué notre méthode sur une ontologie créée il y a plus de 10 ans dans le domaine de la gestion des données d'expérimentations agronomique
Household consumption of legumes and associated factors in Benin, Burkina-Faso and Senegal
No full textThis volume follows on from the Rencontres Francophone Légumineuses (RFL) held in March 2024, organized by CIRAD, INRAE, Terres Inovia and Terres Univia, and co-organized by the Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA). This unique event brings together all those involved in development, the supply chains and research into grain and forage legumes. It's an opportunity to exchange views, share knowledge and accelerate innovation around legumes. The RFLs focus on seed, forage and woody legumes, and aim to cover the diversity of production systems, as well as the diversity of uses: food, feed and non-food. Pulses are a major lever for meeting the global challenges of climate change and food and nutritional security. All over the world, they play a strategic role, providing nutritional benefits and ensuring protein and food sovereignty. The many species of pulses also represent a formidable breeding ground for food innovation.International audienceLegumes play are important for diet and food security of populations in low-income countries. This study aimed at analysing household legume consumption patterns and factors influencing this consumption in Benin, Burkina Faso and Senegal. We used data from the 2018-2019 Harmonized Household Living Conditions Surveys, which included information on food consumption and socio-demographic and economic characteristics of households. The analysis focused on key legumes such as cowpea, groundnut, African locust bean seeds and dry pea. We assessed the consumption frequency and the proportion of households' food expenditure allocated to these legumes. A generalized linear model was run to identify factors associated with legume-related food spending. In all three countries, over 80% of households had consumed at least one legume-based food item during the seven days preceding the survey. However, substantial regional disparities in consumption levels were observed within each country. On average, legumes accounted for 3.4% of household food expenditure in Senegal, 4.5% in Benin, and 8.4% in Burkina Faso. Both legume consumption and expenditure were consistently higher in rural areas than in urban areas. Legume consumption was more prevalent among low-income households, farming households, and those headed by older or less-educated individuals. Further research considering the full diversity of legumes consumed in the three countries is recommended
How to conciliate nutritional and environmental targets of adult diet in France while halving current meat consumption?
No full textInternational audienceTo contribute to the ecological transition, several scenarios recommend reducing by 50% or more the current meat consumption in France. The aim of the present study was to identify which minimum dietary changes would be necessary, in addition to halving meat consumption (including poultry and deli meat), to reduce the carbon impact of diet (CI-d) without worsening other environmental impacts, while satisfying a set of nutrient intake recommendations (nutritional adequacy). Based on the average consumption of adults from the INCA3 survey, 10 diets were modeled under different assumptions. The results show that it is possible to achieve nutritional adequacy with 2 times less meat than today (62g/d vs. 124g/d), without supplements or fortified foods, while significantly reducing CI-d (by up to 50%). The modeled diet that was the closest to current consumption, which had CI-d reduced by 35%, contained meat (excluding deli meat), fish or eggs around 1 time per day, 3 dairy products per day, an abundance of minimally processed and unrefined plant-based foods (70% of solid weight, including 65g/d of pulses and 30g/d of nuts), 2.5 times fewer fatty, sweet and/or salty products. Such a diet, that conciliates nutritional and environmental targets, would also cost less (10% cost reduction)
Alimentation étudiante : de l’état des lieux à la co-construction d’un outil participatif « Fresque de l’Alimentation Étudiante »
No full textInternational audienceThe student population, despite displaying a diversity of eating behaviors, tends to adopt unhealthy and non-sustainable dietary habits. Higher education institutions constitute a strategic environment to raise awareness of dietary challenges among large cohorts of students, thereby encouraging them to adopt healthier and more sustainable eating behaviors. This article provides a synthesis of current knowledge on student nutrition in France and its main determinants at the individual, interpersonal, and environmental/policy level. This state of the art facilitated the design and guided the content of the Student diet fresk, a collective and interactive workshop created with and for students. This workshop fosters collective reflection on both individual and collective levers for improving student eating practices. Easily scalable, the Student diet fresk serves as an accessible tool for raising awareness of food-related issues, engaging students, associations, and higher education institution staff alike.La population étudiante, bien que présentant une diversité de comportements alimentaires, tend à adopter des habitudes peu favorables à la santé et peu durables. Les établissements d’enseignement supérieur offrent un cadre privilégié pour sensibiliser de nombreux étudiants aux enjeux de leur alimentation, et ainsi les amener à adopter des comportements alimentaires plus sains et durables. Cet article propose une synthèse des connaissances sur l’alimentation étudiante en France et ses principaux déterminants individuels, interpersonnels et environnementaux/politiques. Cet état de l’art a facilité la conception et orienté le contenu de la Fresque de l’Alimentation Étudiante, un atelier collectif et participatif conçu avec et pour les étudiants. Cet atelier vise à susciter une réflexion collective sur les leviers d’action individuels et collectifs permettant d’améliorer les pratiques alimentaires des étudiants. Facilement déployable à grande échelle, la Fresque de l’Alimentation Étudiante constitue un outil accessible pour sensibiliser aux enjeux de l’alimentation, en mobilisant aussi bien les étudiants que les associations et le personnel des établissements d’enseignement supérieur