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Comment se décident aujourd’hui les connaissances dont nous aurons besoin demain ? L’élaboration des priorités de recherche vue par un échantillon d’acteurs clés. Rapport d’autosaisine du Conseil scientifique INRAE
No full textRapport d'autosaisine du conseil scientifique INRAEHow do we decide today what knowledge we'll need tomorrow to face the major societal challenges that lie ahead? To shed light on the mechanisms at work today to prioritise research topics, and their ability to anticipate our future needs, 29 people selected for their commitment in France, Europe and the rest of the world were interviewed. Researchers feed the currents of hierarchical and societal influences - In 25 of the 29interviews, the researcher bears responsibility for a vision of the future based on the knowledge they generate, which they then translate into research priorities. The internal consultation of researchers to develop strategic documents, such as INRAE 2030, is often mentioned in interviews. The particular importance of “disruptive” researchers was mentioned in 7 interviews. The reduced capacity of hyperspecialised researchers to respond to the systemic challenges of environmental crises was of concern to 12 of the respondents. Overall, the influence of researchers is perceived as highly dependent on their hierarchical position, whether in terms of interactions with policy makers, arbitration on the profiles recruited, or the orientations decided by funding agencies. Institutional hierarchical spheres of influence tend to push researchers towards more conservative positions. Some, however, break away by participating in the many collective consultations that bring them closer to civil society andpolitics, or by appearing in the media.Political actors mobilise to the rhythm of crises and in the service of growth - Political players are described in 26 of the 29 interviews as having significant arbitration power in the decisionmaking process for research priorities. Analysis of the role and influence of political players highlights not only the complexity of these arbitration processes, but also the importance of informal interactions with economic and scientific players. It also emerged from 14 of the interviews that the political world, at all levels, national and supra-national, gives priority to innovation for economic growth and technological approaches. Another salient point that emerged from the interviews is the very significant influence of crises on the decisions of political players, which, combined with “political time”, would, according to 8 of the interviewees, prioritise short-term field strategies.Economic actors lobby upstream of processes - The role of economic actors in research programming is difficult to pin down in the interviews. Lobbying is said to take place upstream with the political world. The perception of the impact of their involvement is very mixed and contradictory. On the one hand, their involvement is desired, and 6 of the 29 interviewees regret that there is too much separation between the business sector and academic research.On the other hand, 14 of the interviewees are concerned about the influence of economic actors on long-term strategies and the balance between production and the environment. The example of pesticides was cited in 11 of the interviews to illustrate the tension created by industrial lobby. This lobbying is said to favor technological choices to the detriment of more sober, systemic solutions.Citizens seek to make their voices heard through collectives - In 23 of the 29 interviews, citizens are perceived as having little influence on research programming processes, even though some believe they are the placed to provide clear visions of the future. While some successes are cited, such as the public opinion movement on GMOs, the usual online consultation channels are proving ineffective. Today, citizens are increasingly making their voices heard through NGOs and civil society associations. Convention citoyenne, citizen science and participatory science (mentioned in 13 interviews) are developing to promote citizen participation in research programming.Interface bodies, which often play a decisive role, sometimes operate in an opaque manner - Numerous collective think tanks: OPECST, CESE, GIEC, SCAR etc. issue recommendations, as do funding agencies: ANR, EC... that “prescribe” priorities are the main formalised interface bodies between the academic, economic and political spheres, as described in the interviews.Two types of actor are always involved in these bodies: experts and representatives of an institution, government or socio-professional category (e.g. trade unions). In general, the criteria and selection process for these key actors in the various committees of the interface bodies are perceived as opaque. The reports produced by the advisory bodies are known to be reformulated up to the point of losing their substance, and their impact on decision-makers is often limited. Finally, informal interactions between institutional representatives at the top of the hierarchy and political decision-makers are perceived by the majority of interviewees to be crucial in determining research priorities.A capacity for anticipation that research is seeks - The interviews, 25 out of 29, reveal a general desire for research to serve long-term issues capable of anticipating the crises we face, as evidenced by the many programming tools that have been put in place. On the other hand, policy makers and funders would rather prioritise research that can respond to short-term competitive imperatives, with a crisis management rationale focused on resilience and mitigation rather than anticipation. Current research prioritisation mechanisms do not reveal a clear trade-off between these two horizons. Finally, non-thematic and non-prioritised research, which is necessary to ensure the long-term anticipatory capacity of research, is generally considered to be insufficient.Decompartmentalisation and anticipation are the two pillars of the desired changes - Beyond the implicit need to make processes more transparent, the recommendations made in the interviews focus on two main objectives: (i) to break down the boundaries between groups of social actors, in particular to enable research to open up to civil society and the political world, to give more space to researchers without institutional responsibility and to move towards greater interdisciplinarity, and (ii) to preserve the essential creative freedom of researchers and to support research's capacity to anticipate by increasing non-thematic research and developing foresight skills and exercises.Comment se décident aujourd’hui les connaissances dont nous aurons besoin demain pour répondre aux grands défis sociétaux qui se présenteront ? Pour éclairer les mécanismes de priorisation des thématiques de recherche effectivement à l’oeuvre aujourd’hui et leur capacité d’anticipation de nos besoins à venir, 29 personnes sélectionnées pour leur implication reconnue dans ces mécanismes en France, à l’Europe et à l’international, ont été interviewées.Les chercheurs nourrissent les courants d’influences hiérarchiques et sociétales - Dans 25 des 29 entretiens, le chercheur porte la responsabilité d’une vision de l’avenir fondée sur les connaissances qu’il génère, puis qu’il traduit en priorités de recherche. La consultation interne des chercheurs pour l’élaboration de documents stratégiques comme INRAE 2030, est souvent citée dans les entretiens. L’importance particulière des chercheurs dits disruptifs est soulignée dans 7 entretiens. La capacité réduite des chercheurs hyperspécialisés à répondre aux enjeuxsystémiques des crises environnementales, inquiète 12 des personnes interrogées. L’influence des chercheurs est globalement perçue comme très dépendante de leur position hiérarchique, que ce soit en termes d’interactions avec les décideurs politiques, d’arbitrage sur les profils recrutés ou encore d’orientations décidées au sein des agences de moyens. Les sphères d’influence hiérarchiques institutionnelles ont tendance à conduire les chercheurs à adopter des positions plutôt conservatrices. Certains s’en affranchissent en participant aux nombreuses consultations collectives qui les rapprochent de la société civile ou politique, ou encore en intervenant dans les médias. Les acteurs politiques se mobilisent au rythme des crises et au service de la croissance – Les acteurs politiques sont décrits dans 26 des 29 entretiens, et jouissent d’un important pouvoir d’arbitrage dans les processus décisionnels concernant les priorités de recherche. L’analyse de leur rôle et de leur influence met en lumière la complexité de ces processus d’arbitrage ainsi que l’importance des interactions informelles avec les acteurs économiques et scientifiques. Il ressort également de 14 des entretiens qu’à toutes les échelles, nationales et supranationales, la priorité serait donnée dans le monde politique, à l’innovation au service de la croissance économique et aux approches technologiques. Un autre point saillant qui ressort des entretiens est l’influence très importante des crises sur les décisions des acteurs politiques, qui assortie d’un « temps politique », prioriserait des stratégies à court-terme de terrain selon 8 des personnes interrogées.Les acteurs économiques font du lobbying en amont des processus - Le rôle de ces acteurs dans la programmation de la recherche, est difficile à cerner dans les entretiens. Un lobbyisme s’exercerait en amont auprès du monde politique. Leurs impacts sont perçus de manière très contrasté et contradictoire. D’un côté, leur implication est souhaitée et 6 des 29 personnes interrogées regrettent une trop grande déconnexion entre le secteur économique et celui de la recherche académique. Tandis que 14 des personnes interrogées font part de leurs inquiétudes quant à l’influence de leur implication sur les stratégies de long-terme et les équilibres entre les dimensions productives et environnementales. L'exemple des pesticides est cité dans 11 des entretiens pour illustrer la tension créée par le lobby industriel. Ce lobbying favoriserait des choix technologiques au détriment de solutions plus sobres et systémiques.Les citoyens cherchent à se faire entendre les collectifs civils - Dans 23 des 29 entretiens, les citoyens sont perçus comme des acteurs peu influents dans les processus de programmation de la recherche alors que, pour certains, ils seraient les acteurs les mieux armés pour porter des visions « lucides » et articulées de l’avenir. Le poids de certains mouvements d’opinion est cité à plusieurs reprises notamment en ce qui concerne les OGM. Les canaux de consultation habituels en ligne s’avèrent peu efficaces. Les citoyens se font aujourd’hui davantage entendre via les ONG et les associations de la société civile. Les conventions citoyennes, les sciences citoyennes et la science participative (citée dans 13 entretiens) se développent pour promouvoir leur participation à la programmation de la recherche. Les organes des interfaces, souvent déterminants, ont un fonctionnement parfois opaque - De nombreux groupes de réflexion collective tels que l’OPECST, le CESE, le GIEC, le SCAR, etc., qui émettent des recommandations, ainsi que les agences de moyens (ANR, EC) qui « prescrivent » des priorités, constituent les principaux organes formalisés d’interface entre les sphères académiques, économiques et politiques, décrits dans les entretiens. Ces organes font intervenir de façon récurrente deux types d'acteurs : les experts et les représentants d’institutions, de gouvernements ou de catégories socio-professionnelles (par exemple les syndicats professionnels). De façon générale, les critères et processus de sélection de ces acteurs clés dans les divers comités des organes d’interface sont perçus comme opaques. Les rapports produits par les organes consultatifs sont connus pour être reformulés jusqu’à perdre de leur substance, et leur impact auprès des décideurs est souvent limité. Enfin, la majorité des personnes interrogées perçoit les interactions informelles entre les représentants desinstitutions issus du haut de la hiérarchie et les décideurs politiques, comme étant déterminantes dans les décisions prises pour établir les priorités de la recherche. La recherche se cherche une capacité d’anticipation - Les entretiens, pour 25 sur 29, dévoilent une volonté générale que la recherche soit au service d’enjeux à long terme permettant d’anticiper les crises auxquelles nous faisons face, comme en témoignent les nombreux outils de programmation cités. Les décideurs politiques et les financeurs privilégieraient, eux, plutôt une recherche capable de répondre à des impératifs compétitifs de court terme avec une logique de gestion de crise axée sur la résilience et l’atténuation plutôt que sur l’anticipation. Les mécanismes actuels de priorisation de la recherche ne font pas apparaitre d’arbitrage clair entre ces deux horizons. Enfin, la recherche non thématique et non priorisée, nécessaire pour garantir la capacité d'anticipation de la recherche sur le long terme, occupe une place globalement jugée insuffisante.Décloisonner et anticiper sont les deux piliers des évolutions souhaitées – Au-delà d’un besoin implicite de rendre les processus plus transparents, les recommandations émises dans les entretiens s’alignent sur deux grands objectifs majoritaires : (i) décloisonner les frontières entre les groupes d’acteurs sociaux, notamment pour permettre à la recherche de s’ouvrir vers la société civile et le monde politique, donner plus de place aux chercheurs sans responsabilité institutionnelle, et favoriser l’interdisciplinarité ; (ii) préserver l’indispensable liberté créatrice des chercheurs et soutenir leur capacité d’anticipation en augmentant les recherches non thématisées et en développant les compétences et exercices de prospective
Global decoupling of functional and phylogenetic diversity in plant communities
No full textAll R scripts used for this study can be found in our GitHub repository at : https://github.com/georghaehn/Haehn-et-al-2024-FD-PD-couplingInternational audiencePlant communities are composed of species that differ both in functional traits and evolutionary histories. As species’ functional traits partly result from their individual evolutionary history, we expect the functional diversity of communities to increase with increasing phylogenetic diversity. This expectation has only been tested at local scales and generally for specific growth forms or specific habitat types, for example, grasslands. Here we compare standardized effect sizes for functional and phylogenetic diversity among 1,781,836 vegetation plots using the global sPlot database. In contrast to expectations, we find functional diversity and phylogenetic diversity to be only weakly and negatively correlated, implying a decoupling between these two facets of diversity. While phylogenetic diversity is higher in forests and reflects recent climatic conditions (1981 to 2010), functional diversity tends to reflect recent and past climatic conditions (21,000 years ago). The independent nature of functional and phylogenetic diversity makes it crucial to consider both aspects of diversity when analysing ecosystem functioning and prioritizing conservation efforts
L'économie circulaire dans la gestion des services d'eau : entre continuité des pratiques environnementales et mise en tension du modèle économique
No full textInternational audienc
Dynamic assessment of feeding and nutrition practices implemented by the new generation of small-and medium-sized family livestock keepers in Camagüey (Cuba)
No full textInternational audienceTropical livestock keepers face major challenges to match nutritional herds' requirements, due to forage seasonality and climate change. The objective of this work was to get updated insights on feeding and nutrition (F&N) practices implemented by Cuban livestock keepers, for whom access to supplements are limited, little is known and literature remains outdated. Eight farms belonging to current small- and medium-sized private farmers in Camagüey province (21°N-77°W) were evaluated. Semi-structured surveys were conducted with farmers, relatives and local stakeholders. Quantitative and qualitative information was collected from different sources and databases were built to characterize F&N systems according to season, available feed resources, herd mass per month or other management strategies (e.g., reproduction). Using the INRA feeding system (2018), dynamic nutritional balances were performed in each farm, herd category and physiological stage throughout a typical year. The availability of dry matter (DM) and requirements of protein truly digestible in the small intestine (PDI) and net energy forage unit for lactation (FUL) were considered. Results show that farm' available DM is not enough and PDI, FUL requirements are not matched in the dry season and almost the entire rainy season (most abundant biomass period). Some farmers apply judicious strategies e.g., allocating resources according to prioritized stages and performances. Differences between farmers were identified, mainly related to contrasting practices in terms of reproduction management or F&N policies. There is room for improving the nutritional status of herds without necessarily requiring major investments (e.g., reproduction applying male effect to concentrate calving peaks, pasture management, adding value of by-products, etc.)
Un cadre conceptuel pour l'évaluation des fonction du sol : vers une base commune
No full textInternational audienceThe increasing pressure of humans on soils affects their ability to provide key functions and deliver ecosystem services. In the last decades, many methods and tools have been developed to evaluate soil functions, with the aim of providing guidance to land users and policymakers for the sustainable management of soil resources. These methods and tools, however, have been developed in isolation from each other using different conceptual frameworks such as soil health or soil quality, which in turn have evolved over time. This currently results in a diversity of available terminology and definitions to represent the objectives of evaluation and to describe the information on soil functions that is produced in the quantification process. For actors interested in soil function evaluation, this diversity is a source of confusion. In this paper, we develop a conceptual framework to describe the types of information on soil functions that can be searched for and link them with soil functioning and user needs. These concepts are soil function supply, soil dynamic capacity for a function, and soil inherent capacity for a function. The framework is then used with a set of publications on soil function evaluation to identify the information on soil functions they produce and helps rank these publications in terms of objectives and produced information. We highly recommend authors to use our framework to explicitly link their objectives with the information on soil functions that is sought and the method used to obtain this information, in relation to the specific context of the study. The framework also helps to open up a discussion on the fundamentals of monitoring soil functions for the sustainable use of soil resources
Seasonal flooded rice area extent dataset during dry seasons 2016 to 2019 at the Telangana state scale, South-India
No full textInternational audienceIndian agriculture largely depends on the timely and spatially variable availability of water resources which are replenished during the monsoon season. In the state of Telangana, a significant portion of the available water is utilized for flooded rice cultivation, both in surface water-fed command areas and in groundwater-dependent regions. The spatial extent of seasonal rice cultivation varies annually in response to water availability that is a key indicator of how farmers adapt to regional and global environmental and socio-economic changes. In this study, we present seasonal land use maps for the dry season (Rabi) from 2016 to 2019, derived using the Infrastructure pour l'Occupation des sols par Traitement Automatique (IOTA²) processing chain [1]. IOTA² is an open-source software that combines temporal interpolation and classification of multispectral Sentinel-2 time series to map land cover dynamics. Sentinel-2 Level 2A data—processed using the Multi-Temporal Cloud Screening and Atmospheric Correction Software (MAJA)—were used to generate 10-day composite reflectance time series for each season over the entire Telangana state. A Random Forest classifier was trained on interpolated spectral time series using ground-truth data collected by the authors during dedicated field campaigns conducted between January and March of each year from 2016 to 2019. Ground observations were labelled into nine land use classes: rice, vegetables, maize (when applicable), orchards, natural bush, bare ground, urban, water, and unharvested dry-season cotton (when applicable). For each season, the ground-truth dataset was randomly split into training and validation sets eight times to generate eight classification outputs, from which average precision, recall, and F-score values were calculated. The dataset associated with this paper includes four seasonal raster maps, each encoding, for every pixel, the number of times (from 0 to 8) it was classified as rice during the eight classification runs. These rice extent confidence maps serve as an empirical measure of spatial classification uncertainty and inter-annual variability. The ground-truth polygon dataset used for classification and validation is also provided. Together, these datasets support the monitoring of seasonal rice dynamics and can serve as a reference for agricultural and hydrological studies in South Asia or training data for deep learning approaches for extension in space and time of those maps. Such a compilation can be used to support decisions on crop or cropping pattern changes in response to climate change, as well as to inform government policy-makin
More than proteins for empty stomachs: Wild meat in the BaTonga food system
No full textSource Agritrop Cirad (https://agritrop.cirad.fr/614362/) * Autres projets (id;sigle;titre): ;SWM Programme;(EU) Sustainable Wildlife Management Programme//International audience1. Our paper highlights the limitations of the framework used by many conservation- focused programmes that incorporate food security objectives. This framework encourages the substitution of wild proteins with domestic proteins by promoting animal farming in communities located near conservation areas. 2. We argue that this 'protein substitution' objective disregards key assumptions from the field of socio-anthropology and food studies: Meat is more than just a source of protein; food security is more than a nutritional issue; food consumption is not straightforwardly linked to food production; and consumers need to be involved in governing their food system. 3. To address these gaps, we analysed the food system of the BaTonga people living near a conservation area in Zimbabwe, with a particular focus on the role of wild meat. 4. Our findings demonstrate that BaTonga food insecurity is intricately linked to a local historical context which is characterized by environmental injustice and limited access to essential resources from the local ecosystem, including wildlife. Therefore, reducing BaTonga food insecurity to a protein gap is a form of social violence. 5. Despite its low consumption, the motivations behind the BaTonga's consumption of wild meat are diverse, including nutritional, but also health, hedonic, social, cultural and economic reasons. 6. Furthermore, wild meat served as a safety net during the COVID-19 pandemic. This demonstrates the multiple functions of wild meat in the local food system as well as its role in nutrition
L'État, l'eau et la terre. 70 ans de politiques agricoles au Maghreb
No full textSource Agritrop Cirad (https://agritrop.cirad.fr/614021/) * Collectivites auteurs : Ecole supérieure d'agriculture de Purpan - FRA// CIRAD-ES-UMR G-EAU - FRA//International audienceL'ambition de ce chapitre est de retracer l'évolution des politiques agricoles au Maghreb, depuis l'indépendance jusqu'à aujourd'hui. Ce panorama ne serait toutefois pas complet sans un détour par les conditions d'accès à la terre et à l'eau. Ces deux dimensions jouant un rôle déterminant dans le contrat social qui caractérise le monde rural. C'est pourquoi ce chapitre se penche aussi sur les aspects socio-politiques des politiques agricoles dans les trois pays du Maghreb
Transhumance in the High-Tarentaise, Alps, France. Going and coming back to the alpine meadows
No full textSource Agritrop Cirad (https://agritrop.cirad.fr/613970/)International audienceOver the past half-century, the Upper Tarentaise region has evolved into one of the largest ski areas in the world. Previously, it was a mountainous region primarily dedicated to livestock farming, specializing in the production of Beaufort and Tomme cheeses, made from the milk of Tarine cows, a breed particularly well-suited to the regional environment. Due to its geomorphological origins, Upper Tarentaise is characterized by a complex network of glacial valleys, bordered by hanging valleys and overlooked by high-altitude watersheds, segmented by rocky outcrops and thresholds. This unique topography has given rise to a system of vertical transhumance, where herds move between high-altitude alpine meadows (above 1,500–2,000 meters) in summer and the valley floors and slopes (between 800 and 1,500 meters) in spring and autumn. Most villages are also located in these lower areas. During winter, the herds remain in barns, fed with harvested hay. The transformation of Upper Tarentaise is driven by economic development, demographic growth, and urban expansion associated with winter tourism. These changes impact grazing areas, landscapes, and local society, which now benefits from new tourism opportunities. This transition affects the local economy, the region's future prospects, and the environment, all within the framework of innovative national and European public policies and evolving social and cultural constraints
Obtaining biological reagents for the development of a diagnostic method for leaf scald in sugar cane
No full textSource Agritrop Cirad (https://agritrop.cirad.fr/613812/)International audienc