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Prospective LCA to support the agri-food sector’s transition towards sustainability—89th LCA discussion forum conference report
No full textInternational audiencePurpose The 89th Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Discussion Forum (DF) on the use of prospective LCA (pLCA) to support sustainability transitions of the agri-food sector was held on the 4th of February 2025 in Zurich. Methods This paper summarizes the main discussion points and challenges identified during the 89th LCA DF related to pLCA in the agri-food sector. ResultsThe presentations highlighted recent progress in inventory and impact modelling and featured case studies related to the technology-and system-wide application of pLCA to the agri-food sector. The Q&A sessions and panel discussion highlighted challenges related to pLCA in the agri-food sector and in general. These challenges relate to missing data, the complexity of pLCA and its associated uncertainties, as well as ensuring the usefulness of the conducted evaluations. Possible solutions relate to streamlining the communication of results, adapting them to the needs of different stakeholder groups, or exploring scenarios to showcase a range of possible futures. Additionally, more frequent collaboration with other research fields could help reduce uncertainty and improve data availability. Conclusions While the challenges faced in the pLCA of agri-food systems are similar to those in other sectors, the lack of data on future developments and uncertainties is more pronounced. This is largely due to the dynamic character of these systems and their sensitivity to environmental conditions.</div
Near complete genome sequences of a rice necrosis mosaic virus isolate infecting rice in Argentina: Rice necrosis mosaic virus infecting rice in Argentina
No full textInternational audienceWhile rice necrosis mosaic virus has only been described in Asia, we identified this virus on a rice plant from Argentina using a viral metagenomic approach. We further confirmed this result by RT-PCR and small-RNA Illumina sequencing to obtain the near complete genome and to confirm actual infection by RNMV
Commande optimale pour des modèles en épidémiologie avec apparition de variants
No full textMasterDans ce rapport, nous nous intéressons au problème de minimisation de la taille finale d'une épidémie en contrôlant une politique de confinement sous contrainte de budget L 1 dans un modèle épidémique SIR simple. Cette situation a déjà été étudiée dans une version précédente de [9] dans le cas où le taux de transmission β est constant dans le temps, et les auteurs ont trouvé que la politique optimale est unique, bang-bang, de la forme "0 -1 -0" et consiste à appliquer le contrôle au moment du pic quand un confinement parfait est possible, ou à anticiper le pic quand le confinement est imparfait. Notre objectif est d'étendre ce problème au cas où un variant apparaît, ce que nous modélisons par des sauts de β d'une valeur à une autre à des temps connus à l'avance. Nous montrons que, contrairement au cas précédent, une politique optimale peut avoir plusieurs intervalles d'intervention distincts, à savoir au plus un par intervalle de temps où β est constant.Enfin, dans une optique d'envisager ces résultats dans des situations réelles, où les données sont bruitées et incertaines, nous cherchons une manière de traiter ce même problème "en moyenne", lorsque le paramètre de transmission est inconnu. Ce problème est difficile en général, c'est pourquoi nous nous intéressons plutôt à un problème de récolte en dimension 1, plus simple à étudier, et nous cherchons à comprendre comment les politiques optimales déterministes se transposent au cas incertain.</p
Incubation behaviour in a double-nesting alpine species Alectoris graeca saxatilis: similar nest attendance by males and females
No full textInternational audienceIn birds with double-nesting and uniparental incubation, such as the rock partridge Alectoris graeca saxatilis, the male incubates one clutch, while the female incubates the other. A previous study found no significant difference in hatching and predation rates on Alpine rock partridge nests incubated by each sex. We therefore hypothesized that the incubation rhythms of both sexes would be similar. To test this, we monitored the incubation patterns of 40 nests incubated by females and 41 nests incubated by males in the French Alps between 2011 and 2020. Temperature loggers were installed within and outside the nests to record internal and ambient temperatures at 3-min intervals. Incubation recess timing and duration were inferred from the analysis of temperature curves. We employed statistical modelling to assess the effects of the incubating bird’s sex, minimum ambient temperature, incubation day, clutch size, and recess rank on various incubation parameters. The timing, total duration, and number of recesses, as well as nest temperature, were found to be similar between the sexes. On average, birds took 2.5 recesses per day, with each recess lasting approximately 75 min. Overall nest attendance was ≃ 88%. Recesses occurred throughout the day, with a peak after sunrise and a second, less pronounced peak before sunset. Nocturnal recesses were rare and resulted from disturbances to the incubating bird. Modelling results indicated only slight differences in the mean recess duration between the sexes throughout the incubation period. Further analysis showed that both sexes adjusted their incubation rhythms in a similar manner in response to the progress of incubation and to daily minimum temperatures. Cold temperatures may compel parents to spend more time foraging to meet their energy needs. Rock partridges exhibited lower nest attendance compared to grouse species inhabiting cold environments, likely due to their relatively lower body reserves
Les déterminants de l’adoption de l’innovation variétale dans les coopératives et les unions de coopératives vinicoles françaises
No full textCette communication a obtenu le prix de la meilleure publication scientifique étudiante lors de la Conférence.International audienceThe wine industry and wine cooperatives, which are deeply rooted in their territory due to their socio-economic importance, their nature and the presence of quality labels (AOP/IGP), are experiencing the effects of climate change. Varietal innovation is one way to adapt, but its adoption by winegrowers remains limited (Dolet et al., 2024). We studied the drivers and barriers within French cooperatives, key players in the sector (Noël, 2023) with a specific mode of governance (Malo & Vézina, 2004). Our theoretical framework combines the TOE model (Tornatzky & Fleischer, 1990) and stakeholder theory (Freeman, 1984). Our research is exploratory in nature. It is based on a thematic analysis of 33 semi-structured interviews (with cooperative managers). The results show that perceived benefits, the market and the culture of innovation are determining factors, while regulation, cost and the availability of varieties are barriers. Cooperatives facilitate adoption through financial and technical support.La filière vin et les coopératives vinicoles, ancrées territorialement de par leur poids socio-économique, leur nature et la présence des signes de qualité (AOP/IGP), subissent les effets du changement climatique. L’innovation variétale est une solution d’adaptation, mais son adoption par les viticulteurs reste limitée (Dolet et al., 2024). Nous en étudions les déterminants et freins au sein des coopératives françaises, acteurs clés du secteur (Noël, 2023), au mode de gouvernance spécifique (Malo & Vézina, 2004). Notre cadre théorique combine le modèle TOE (Tornatzky & Fleischer, 1990) et la théorie des parties prenantes (Freeman, 1984). Notre recherche est de nature exploratoire. Elle s’appuie sur l’analyse thématique de 33 entretiens semi-directifs (responsables de coopératives). Les résultats font apparaître les avantages perçus, le marché et la culture d’innovation comme déterminants ; la réglementation, le coût et la disponibilité des variétés comme freins. Les coopératives facilitent l’adoption via un soutien financier et technique
Tillering structures the genetic variability of wheat vegetative growth and its plasticity under water deficit
No full textLeaf expansion under drought drives the trade-off between water saving for later grain production and canopy photosynthesis. Fine-tuning leaf expansion could therefore become a target of genetic progress for drought-prone environments. However, its components (branching, leaf production and elongation) may have their own genetic variability and plasticity under drought, making hard to calibrate crop simulation models and specify breeding targets. In this study, we focused on the genetic diversity of bread wheat and durum wheat to determine the links and trade-offs between the underlying processes of leaf growth under drought and how it translates to leaf expansion at the whole plant and canopy level. For that, we used non-destructive imaging both in the field and controlled condition platforms to determine the dynamics of the components of shoot expansion and analyze their relative contribution to the genetic variability of whole-plant shoot expansion under drought. Results show that leaf expansion measured at plant level in controlled environment was associated with that measured at canopy level in the field, indicating that controlled phenotyping platforms can capture the genetic variability of growth in the field. Both whole-plant and canopy expansion were associated with tillering rate. In addition, the sensitivity of shoot growth and tillering to soil water deficit were correlated, indicating that both tillering ability and sensitivity to water deficit drive the genetic variability of shoot expansion. Overall, dissecting leaf expansion dynamics allowed determining the links between shoot expansion traits under drought, and provides key targets in phenotyping, modelling and breeding for drought environments
Police homicides and riots in France
No full textInternational audienceStreet riots often follow police killings of citizens. Yet, the majority of police killings do not lead to riots. Why do some police homicides lead to riots while others do not? This paper analyzes the intensity of riots in France using monthly data on arsons targeting private property at the department (sub-regional) level from January 1996 to August 2022 (N = 32,080), in relation to an original dataset on the occurrence and characteristics of police homicides. The results suggest that police homicides have a small overall effect on riots: fewer than 0.3% of arsons in a given department can be attributed to police killings in that department. While most police homicides do not have the potential to trigger riots, certain characteristics significantly increase the likelihood that a riot will occur: the victim has a non-European migratory background, is a French citizen, and the perpetrators belong to specific police forces. The impact also increases when there are multiple victims. We provide suggestive evidence that identification with the victim plays a key role among potential rioters, as does the social integration of the victim
From concept to practice: exploring the promise and pitfalls of resilience in farming systems design
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Historical Land Use Drives Present Microbial Community Assembly in an Extreme Environment
No full textData Availability Statement: Sequencing data are available in the SRA GenBank repository under project PRJNA1028866, Biosamples SAMN37854590 to SAMN37854744.International audienceThe extent to which past disturbances influence present-day microbial composition and assembly remains poorly understood, especially in extreme environments such as deserts. Using a phylogenetic framework of diversity partitioning, linked to soil composition, we aimed to disentangle the impacts of past disturbance on present-day bacterial and fungal communities, where we also distinguish abundant and rare taxa. Our findings demonstrate that past agricultural activity promoted strong phylogenetic clustering and turnover, accompanied by increased phylogenetic diversity and niche width, reflecting the influence of transient resource availability and niche diversification. Conversely, long-term disturbances reduced phylogenetic diversity and niche width while amplifying selection processes and phylogenetic turnover. These patterns indicate intensified abiotic constraints in this system, where historical contingencies-characterised by enduring drought-wetting cycles-differentially shaped bacterial and fungal communities. Rare taxa were more sensitive to land use and deterministic, while abundant taxa showed broader niche adaptability and stochastic influences, highlighting the need for targeted conservation strategies. This work highlights the critical role of historical disturbances in shaping microbial assembly, provides actionable insights into enhancing desert ecosystem resilience and informing sustainable restoration practices. Si content-a key driver of phylogenetic turnover-could be targeted for ecosystem recovery and conservation strategies in degraded arid regions.</div
