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Nature-based solutions for water management: Pluridisciplinary state-of-the-art and research needs
No full textInternational audienceNature-based Solutions (NbS) offer a way to preserve, manage and restore ecosystems so as to better meet today's societal challenges, by combining benefits for society and the environment, including biodiversity. They are a response to current climate change-related challenges for water management. However, various barriers exist to the implementation of NbS, such as a lack of appropriation of the concept, as well as needs for knowledge and know-how. Focusing on societal challenges linked to water, we highlight the importance of implementing pluridisciplinary and transdisciplinary projects when trying to implement NbS projects. This requires new approaches in research, practice, and governance. This discussion allows identifying levers for a widespread use of NbS for water management
New planthoppers (Hemiptera: Cixiidae) from Madagascar support the establishment of a new genus, the revised status of Eumyndus perinetensis, and an updated molecular phylogeny of Malagasy Oecleini
No full textSource Agritrop Cirad (https://agritrop.cirad.fr/616204/) * Autres projets (id;sigle;titre): 2018/30/E/ NZ8/00880;;(USA) The evolutionary dynamics of the symbioses of Auchenorrhyncha// ;Epibio-OI II;(FRA) EPIdémiosurveillance et BIOcontrôle dans l'Océan Indien//International audienceRecent survey efforts in Madagascar have focused on the tribe Oecleini in the planthopper family Cixiidae due to an interest in identifying vectors of palm lethal decline phytoplasmas. During these surveys, planthoppers were collected on palms in natural habitats that were determined to represent a new genus, Geminimyndus gen. nov. Herein, two new species are described, G. spinaparum sp. nov. and G. spinamagnus sp. nov. Eumyndus perinetensis Synave is transferred to Geminimyndus gen. nov. as Geminimyndus perinetensis, comb. nov. Supplemental molecular data for the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, histone 3, 18S rRNA and 28S rRNA are provided to support the establishment of the new genus and the transfer of E. perinetensis to the new genus.Les efforts récents de prospection à Madagascar se sont concentrés sur la tribu Oecleini de la famille des fulgoromorphes Cixiidae en raison de l'intérêt porté à l'identification des vecteurs du phytoplasme du dépérissement létal des palmiers possible par les espèces de ce groupe taxonomique. Au cours de ces prospections, des cixiides ont été collectées sur des palmiers dans des habitats naturels et il a été déterminé qu'elles représentaient un nouveau genre, Geminimyndus gen. nov. Deux nouvelles espèces sont décrites ici, G. spinaparum sp. nov. et G. spinamagnus sp. nov. et Eumyndus perinetensis est transféré dans ce nouveau genre. Des données moléculaires supplémentaires pour la sous-unité I de la cytochrome c oxydase, l'histone 3, l'ARNr 18S et l'ARNr 28S sont fournies pour étayer l'établissement du nouveau genre et le transfert d'E. perinetensis vers le nouveau genre
Citizen science contributions to soil biodiversity research and conservation: insights from European studies
No full textInternational audienceCitizen science (CS) has emerged as a valuable approach for bridging knowledge gaps in biodiversity studies by expanding spatial and temporal coverage, yet remains underused in soil biodiversity monitoring. We conducted the first Europe-wide synthesis of CS initiatives dedicated to soil biodiversity, systematically reviewing published and unpublished projects to assess their contributions and limitations. A total of 126 papers and projects were analyzed across 36 countries, with Western European countries leading in study volume. National-scale studies dominated, with urban areas being the most studied land use type. Taxonomic coverage was broad but uneven, dominated by soil macrofauna (ants, gastropods and earthworms) and fungi. Methodologies ranged from opportunistic sampling to structured surveys, reflecting diverse scientific objectives and producing data of variable quality. Citizens contributed substantially to species identification, although verification practices varied widely, from expert validation to self-reported identifications without verification. Overall, our synthesis reveals a fragmented but dynamic CS landscape that, while providing valuable contributions, remains far from realizing its full scientific potential. Strengthening the role of CS in soil biodiversity research will require greater emphasis on taxonomic accuracy, with error rates systematically assessed. Emerging image-based identification tools, including community-based identification features and automated species recognition, offer promising avenues to enhance both taxonomic accuracy and participant engagement. Equally important is fostering inclusive participation to broaden spatial coverage and co-develop conservation-relevant indicators with stakeholders. Finally, dataset interoperability and metadata standardization are essential to integrate heterogeneous initiatives and unlock the full potential of CS for researchers and soil biodiversity monitoring frameworks
L’histoire de l’aménagement foncier rural du Languedoc, entre nature et agriculture. L’exemple des Espaces naturels sensibles (ENS) de l’Hérault
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Package R Startbox
No full textLe package startbox est dédié à la gestion et à l’analyse des données d’essais en protection phytosanitaire, en particulier pour la vigne. Les données sont stockées dans un fichier Excel standard. Le package startbox regroupe des fonctions utiles pour le traitement des données selon les étapes suivantes :1. Chargement des données dans R2. Préparation des données (agrégation, filtre…)3. Réalisation des analyses statistiques4. Visualisation graphique des résultats (barplot, heatmap
Genotyping-by-sequencing reveals marker-based genome stability in tetraploid clementines for triploid breeding
No full textSource Agritrop Cirad (https://agritrop.cirad.fr/616541/) * Autres projets (id;sigle;titre): PID2021-128115OR-I00;;(ESP) Estrategias geneticas y biotecnologicas para la mejora de variedades de mandarino// IVIA-GVA 52201;AgroAlimVal;(ESP) Mejora genómica de frutales tradicionales y emergentes de interés para la Comunidad Valencina// ;AgroAlimVal;//International audienceTetraploid non-apomictic citrus genotypes are key female parents for 4x × 2x hybridizations aimed at producing seedless triploid hybrids. However, the extent to which different tetraploidization methods affect genome integrity remains insufficiently characterized at a genome-wide scale. In this study, genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) was used to evaluate marker-based genomic stability in ten tetraploid plants of 'Clemenules', 'Fina', and 'Marisol' clementines obtained via colchicine treatment, in vitro adventitious organogenesis, or somatic cybridization. Diploid parental plants, two haploid plants of 'Clemenules' and 'Fina' clementines, and one doubled haploid plant of 'Clemenules' clementine were included, being the haploid and double haploid essential to resolve allelic phases. After quality filtering, 3333 SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) markers distributed across the nine citrus chromosomes were identified and used to compare allele dosage patterns along the genome. Across all GBS-covered regions, no major marker-based genomic gains or losses were detected in any tetraploid plant. These results indicate that, at the resolution provided by GBS, all three tetraploidization methods largely preserve chromosome structure, supporting their suitability for citrus triploid breeding programs based on 4x × 2x sexual hybridizations
Quelles salamandres tachetées trouve-t-on dans le sud-ouest de la France ?
No full textInternational audienceThe taxonomy and diversity of French populations of the fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra) have recently regained scientific interest, due to advances in genetic methods that help identify and define taxa. This study reanalyzes molecular data from two recent studies to clarify the distribution of S. salamandra subspecies in southwestern France. First, genome-wide RAD sequencing of 30 samples confirms the existence of two highly divergent genetic groups in the Pyrenees: one in the central and western parts, corresponding to S. s. fastuosa, and another in the eastern Pyrenees and the rest of France. This second group actually includes three distinct phylogeographic lineages that diverged during the Pleistocene: S. s. terrestris, and two others (in the Spanish Pyrenees and Montseny Mountains) linked to the debated S. s. “hispanica”, whose genetic traces also appear in France. Second, mitochondrial DNA sequencing of 98 individuals using minibarcoding refines the distribution boundaries of S. s. fastuosa and S. s. terrestris/“hispanica”, particularly identifying a transition zone in the central Pyrenees in the area where RAD data suggest genetic introgression. The findings support the intraspecific status of S. s. fastuosa and suggest that S. s. “hispanica” is absent from France in its pure form. This work lays the foundation for better understanding subspecies distributions and gene flow in French S. salamandra.La systématique et la diversité des populations françaises de Salamandre tachetée (Salamandra salamandra) a récemment reçu un regain d'intérêt scientifique, principalement en raison de nouvelles opportunités offertes par les méthodes génétiques pour mieux identifier et définir les taxons. Cet article propose une analyse des données moléculaires issues de deux récentes études afin de clarifier la distribution des sous-espèces de S. salamandra supposées dans le sud-ouest de la France. Premièrement, les analyses de milliers de marqueurs génomiques obtenus sur une trentaine d' échantillons par une approche RAD (Restriction Associated DNA) confirment l' existence de deux groupes génétiques très divergents dans les Pyrénées, l'un distribué sur la partie centrale et occidentale du massif, correspondant à S. s. fastuosa, l'autre occupant la partie orientale et s' étendant sur le reste de la France. Ce deuxième groupe consiste en trois lignées phylogéographiques distinctes ayant récemment évolué pendant le Pléistocène, l'une correspondant à S. s. terrestris, et les deux autres, restreintes aux Pyrénées espagnoles et au massif du Montseny, associées à la controversée S. s. "hispanica", dont des traces génétiques se retrouvent également en France. Deuxièmement, le séquençage d'un fragment d' ADN mitochondrial chez une centaine d'individus Pyrénéens par une approche de minibarcoding (génotypage de marqueurs code-barres) confirme et affine les aires respectives de S. s. fastuosa et S. s. terrestris/"hispanica" dans le sud-ouest français, notamment la présence d'une transition dans les Pyrénées centrales, là où les données RAD suggèrent de l'introgression génétique. Cette synthèse, qui soutient le statut intraspécifique de S. s. fastuosa et l'absence de S. s. "hispanica" en France, du moins sous sa forme pure, constitue un point de départ pour approfondir les connaissances sur la distribution géographique des sous-espèces de Salamandre tachetée et pour examiner les processus qui régulent le flux de gènes entre elles
Intra-wet season variation in rangeland fodder quality influences feed conversion, growth and methane emissions in West African zebu cattle
No full textSource Agritrop Cirad (https://agritrop.cirad.fr/616495/) * Autres projets (id;sigle;titre): FOOD/2019/410-169;CaSSECS;(EU) Carbon Sequestration and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in (Agro) Sylvopastoral Ecosystems in the Sahelian CILSS States// ;DeSIRA;(EU) Development Smart Innovation through Research in Agriculture//International audienceLivestock in sub-Saharan Africa is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, particularly enteric methane (eCH4), with emissions intensities and yield often elevated. In this region, wet-season rangeland fodder is the primary feed source for livestock. This study evaluated the effects of fodder growth stage and feed allowance on feed intake, digestibility, average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and eCH4 emissions in cattle. Over a 112-day period, including a 14-day adaptation and a 98-day data collection phase, ten Sudanese Fulani zebu bulls (52 ± 1.2 months of age, 195 ± 14.6 kg body weight) were fed green rangeland fodder. They were divided into two groups of five animals each: one received fodder at a high allowance level of 4.5 % of body weight (BW) dry matter (DM) basis (4.5ING), while the other received 2.5 % of BW (2.5ING). Voluntary intake, digestibility, and eCH4 (GreenFeed®) were measured daily across three fodder growth stages: vegetative stage (VeS), reproductive stage (ReS), and mature stage (MaS). ADG and FCR were assessed fortnightly. DM intake decreased progressively from VeS to MaS with the highest values recorded for 4.5ING (P < 0.05). Digestibility was affected only by growth stage, decreasing from VeS to MaS (P < 0.05). Both ADG and FCR were influenced by fodder growth stage and feed level. The lowest eCH4 yield and intensity were observed in VeS (P < 0.05). Fodder level influenced eCH4 intensity (P < 0.05). Intra-wet season fodder growth stage significantly affected intake, digestibility, growth, and eCH4 emissions in cattle, while feed allowance influenced performance and eCH4 intensity. Significant interactions effects were observed between fodder growth stage and feed allowance for all parameters except digestibility. The best animal performance, along with the lowest eCH4 yield and intensity were observed in 4.5ING animals during VeS. These findings suggest that optimizing feed availability at the beginning of the wet season is an effective feeding strategy to enhance productivity while mitigating methane emissions in extensive livestock systems
Validation of a representative sampling protocol for studying grape berry microbiota at the plot scale
No full textData availability: Raw sequences have been deposited at NCBI under the BioProject accession number PRJNA1327833.International audienceIn viticulture, a comprehensive understanding of the grape microbiota is crucial, as it influences various aspects of the winemaking process, from vine health and grape development to fermentation dynamics and the final sensory profile of the wine. Monitoring these communities helps optimize vineyard practices and ensure product authenticity. Metagenetics is a fast culture-independent approach that allows identification of the microorganisms present in grape berries' microbiota at the genus or species level. In this context, it is crucial to assess the quality of sampling methods in terms of their representativeness of the diversity of microbial communities on grape berries at the plot level. In this study, the microbiota of the variety Artaban was examined. This variety is resistant to powdery mildew and tolerant to downy mildew. Two sampling methods for studying microbiota were investigated by forming two groups: one that pooled the microbiota of 10 vines, and another that studied the microbiota of each vine separately.</div