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Reconsidering mistakes: reproduction and replication of Nielsen and Rehbeck (2022)
No full textThere is a long-standing debate as to whether violations of rational choice axioms reflect normative deviations from the theory or simply mistakes. We contribute to this debate by reproducing and replicating Nielsen and Rehbeck's (2022) experimental study, with a new focus on heterogeneity across axioms. We conduct a three-part analysis comprising a direct computational reproduction, a robustness reproduction, and a high-powered preregistered replication (N = 451) focusing on the Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives (IIA). We find robust evidence that individuals express a desire to follow canonical axioms, but perceive violations as mistakes only for a subset of them-specifically, IIA and Transitivity. In contrast, we find no evidence that violations of Independence, First-Order Stochastic Dominance, Branching, or Consistency are perceived as mistakes. We discuss these findings through the lens of cognitive complexity, suggesting that individuals may fail to recognize violations of more demanding axioms even when prompted
Changes in Cooking and Breadmaking Properties of IR 841 Paddy Rice During Storage in West Africa
No full textInternational audienceTemperature and relative humidity can significantly affect quality of paddy rice during storage. Limited studies established the link between storage time, environmental fluctuations, changes in grain and flour physicochemical properties, and culinary performances. In a West African context, IR 841 paddy rice variety was stored under humid-sub-humid (HSH), and dry (DRY) conditions for 12 months. Over 12 months, rice stored under DRY conditions experienced greater environmental fluctuations than rice stored under HSH conditions. Grain water absorption capacity (WAC) increased during storage under DRY conditions, rising from 3.3 ± 0.3 to 3.8 ± 0.3 g/g DM between 0 and 12 months. Flour amylose content and soluble solids remained relatively stable from month 0 to 6 in all conditions, and further under HSH conditions. The observed changes led to improved grain cooking performance after 6 months of storage under DRY conditions. After 12 months, a decrease in rice flour WAC and a peak in viscosity were observed, while mean particle size increased from 42 ± 1 to 67 ± 3 µm under HSH conditions and from 31 ± 3 to 83 ± 3 µm under DRY conditions. Storage time may reduce the breadmaking capacity of rice flour. Overall, environmental fluctuations under DRY conditions strongly affected rice grain and flour properties.</div
Innovations pour une gestion concertée et durable de l'eau
No full textLa gestion de l’eau est devenue un enjeu majeur du fait de la pression anthropique croissante et du changement climatique. Elle constitue un domaine particulier d’innovations car l’eau est un bien commun qui circule. L’eau est nécessaire à la vie et à tous les secteurs économiques, et dont la gestion combine des dimensions technologiques, organisationnelles, institutionnelles et sociales. Ce numéro d’Innovations. Revue d’économie et de management de l’innovation précise les enjeux actuels des innovations pour la gestion de l’eau, à travers des articles de synthèse et l’analyse de situations variées : la construction d’une tarification de l’eau ; des innovations low cost ; l’intégration de la télédétection pour gérer la ressource des fleuves ; la valorisation des eaux usées ; les services « Eau, Assainissement, Hygiène » dans les villes africaines… Ces travaux associent « Water Studies » et « Innovation Studies ». Ils mettent aussi en débat les approches jusque-là trop centrées sur les innovations techniques, appelant à développer une vision plus systémique et circulaire, mais aussi responsable et participative
Comment construire des stratégies d'adaptation pour l'agriculture ? Enseignements des recherches sur la vigne et le vin
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From Teacher Quality to Teaching Quality: Instructional Productivity and Teaching Practices
No full textInternational audienceThis paper estimates the causal effects of math instructional time on student achievement using within-student variation across math topics in the TIMSS 2011 data. Based on the assessment's detailed measurement of math skills, it shows that each weekly hour of math instruction in a given topic increases student test scores in that topic by 4.3% of a SD. However, the productivity of instructional time varies significantly based on the implementation of teaching practices that prioritize student active participation: teachers emphasizing these practices are more than twice as productive as other teachers. This result holds true regardless of student gender, social origin, and is observed internationally in 42 countries
TTargeting of the barley cell-surface receptor SRF3 by the Blumeria hordei effector AVRA13 overlaps with AVRA13 recognition by MLA and the induction of NLR-mediated cell death
No full textPathogens secrete effector proteins to promote virulence. Despite their recognition by barley Mla resistance genes, the structurally-related Blumeria hordei (Bh) AVR A effectors are maintained in the Bh genome, suggesting virulence functions critical for fungal pathogenicity.Using proximity-dependent protein labelling in transgenic barley, we detected distinct host protein interactomes for five AVR A s despite their structural homology and convergence on MLAs. We report the specific interaction of the highly conserved AVR A13 effector with the barley cell-surface receptor SRF3. AVR A13 disrupts HvSRF3-HvBAK1 interaction and alters HvSRF3 plasma membrane levels. AVR a13 -expression desensitizes iron-induced restriction of Bh growth, suggesting that AVR A13 facilitates fungal proliferation by manipulating SRF3mediated iron homeostasis. Our results suggest that MLAs have diversified to specifically detect the residues that underly Bh effector neo-functionalization and intrinsic AVR A virulence functions. Together, these findings identify SRF3 as molecular link between pathogen virulence, immune recognition, and iron homeostasis
Les besoins conflictuels optiques et mécaniques déterminent l'évolution de l'épaisseur de la membrane de l'aile chez les papillons transparents ithomiines
No full textTransparent animals are often thin, which raises the question of their fragility. In clearwing Lepidoptera, the wing thickness is the evolutionary result of conflicting optical and mechanical needs. All else being equal, a thinner membrane lets light better go through, can still sustain the reduced scales it often bears, it has a low stiffness advantageous for flight but it resists less to fatigue and failure, a crucial point. An evolutionary way out of these conflicting needs can be spatial heterogeneity in stiffness, with thicker opaque patches compensating for thinner transparent ones, especially when transparency covers a great wing surface proportion. We tested these predictions in Ithomiine butterflies, a tribe comprising closely-related opaque and transparent unpalatable species. We found that species with partially transparent wings have a thinner membrane in the transparent zone than in the opaque one, which likely helps light getting through and agrees with the lighter weight wings have to support in the transparent zone. Surprisingly, more transparent species have a thicker membrane in their transparent zone. We find no relationship between membrane thickness and scale density, ruling out a predominant role of membrane thickness as a mechanical support for scales. Finally, species with a higher wing proportion occupied by transparency have thicker membranes on their transparent patch, and a greater ratio in thickness between opaque and transparent zones. These latter two results support the hypothesis that clearwing butterflies with larger transparent patches are potentially more fragile and that this frailty is offset by thicker surrounding opaque patches offering higher mechanical resistance, like tubules framing a kite sail. In clearwing butterflies, wing membrane thickness has likely evolved under optical and mechanical selective pressures and further research should experimentally measure the costs, if any, of thinner transparent membranes.Les animaux transparents sont souvent minces, ce qui soulève la question de leur fragilité. Chez les Lépidoptères à ailes transparentes, l’épaisseur de l’aile est le résultat évolutif de besoins optiques et mécaniques contradictoires. Toutes choses égales par ailleurs, une membrane plus fine laisse mieux passer la lumière, et peut pourtant supporter les écailles réduites qu’on trouve souvent dans les zones transparentes. Elle présente une faible rigidité avantageuse pour le vol, mais résiste moins bien mécaniquement à la rupture, un point crucial. Une solution évolutive à ces contraintes opposées peut passer par une hétérogénéité spatiale de la rigidité, avec des zones opaques plus épaisses compensant les zones transparentes plus fines, en particulier lorsque la transparence occupe une grande proportion de la surface alaire.Nous avons testé ces prédictions chez les papillons ithomiines, une tribu comprenant des espèces toxiques étroitement apparentées, à ailes opaques ou transparentes. Nous avons constaté que les espèces partiellement transparentes possèdent une membrane plus fine en zone transparente qu’en zone opaque, ce qui favorise le passage de la lumière et peut quand même soutenir la masse plus faible que les ailes doivent supporter en zone transparente. De manière surprenante, les espèces les plus transparentes présentent une membrane plus épaisse dans leur zone transparente. Nous ne trouvons aucune relation entre l’épaisseur de la membrane et la densité des écailles, ce qui exclut un rôle prédominant de l’épaisseur membranaire comme support mécanique des écailles.Enfin, les espèces dont une plus grande proportion de l’aile est occupée par des zones transparentes présentent des membranes plus épaisses en zone transparente, et un ratio d’épaisseur plus élevé entre les zones opaques et transparentes. Ces deux derniers résultats soutiennent l’hypothèse selon laquelle les papillons à ailes transparentes dotés de larges zones transparentes sont potentiellement plus fragiles, et que cette fragilité est compensée par des zones opaques environnantes plus épaisses, offrant une plus grande résistance mécanique, à la manière de tubulures encadrant la voile d’un cerf-volant. Chez les papillons à ailes transparentes, l’épaisseur de la membrane alaire a probablement évolué sous l’effet de pressions de sélection à la fois optiques et mécaniques, et des recherches futures devraient mesurer expérimentalement les coûts éventuels de membranes transparentes plus fines
Bulletin de veille du réseau d'écotoxicologie terrestre et aquatique N°81
No full textINRAE, réseau ECOTOX → A paraîtreBulletin de veill
Strategies to advance the agroecological transition: Insights from a case study of sheep–crop integration in southwestern France
No full textInternational audienceContext: Mediterranean areas face multiple challenges, including biodiversity loss, soil degradation, and vulnerability to climate change. In southern France's Languedoc region, vineyard monoculture dominates, and livestock systems are rare. Agroecological transitions, especially crop-livestock integration, offer opportunities to diversify systems, recycle nutrients, enhance biodiversity, and reduce fire risks. However, such integration is difficult due to climatic constraints, land accessibility, and the current disconnection between crop and livestock systems.Objective: This study aimed to explore how crop-livestock integration practices in the Minervois territory could be expanded to support agroecological transitions. It focused on identifying synergies that address forage needs for local flocks and create benefits for vineyard and cereal farmers.Methods: As part of a larger participatory and locally grounded approach, we designed agroecological scenarios based on integration of sheep farming system with various crop and semi-natural areas. We assessed the potential to reintroduce livestock in an area where few systems have existed recently. The process identified both the biotechnical and coordination conditions required to sustain livestock with local forage throughout the year and to organize exchanges among stakeholders.Results and conclusions: Except under dry conditions, a flock of 1200 ewes could be sustained year-round through a diversified landscape combining cereal crops, vineyard inter-rows, local rangelands, and transhumance (i.e., moving the flock from one territory to another to graze available forage resources). This diversity enhances agroecological performance through crop-livestock complementarities by exploiting synergies between animal and plant species, over time and space. The method used can be adapted to other territories, and stakeholder involvement is essential for developing understanding and implementing feasible scenariosSignificance: The results support future studies aiming to link forage availability with organizational strategies to identify grazing areas and develop concrete implementation plans
Functional characterization of NRT1 / PTR FAMILY transporters: looking for a needle in a haystack
No full textInternational audienceNRT1/PTR FAMILY (NPF) transporters play crucial roles in plant physiology and development due to their involvement in nitrogen nutrition and their ability to transport multiple signaling molecules and metabolites. Whereas most eukaryotic and prokaryotic NPF orthologs are peptide transporters, most flowering plant NPF transport other substrates such as nitrate as well as a wide range of structurally unrelated molecules like amino acids, potassium, chloride, glucosinolates, alkaloids, nicotianamine, sugars, or glycerate. Some NPF have also been reported to transport hormones, such as auxin, abscisic acid, gibberellins, or jasmonate. Strikingly, several NPF were shown to transport more than one of these molecules. This multispecificity places NPF in a central position in the integration of plant signals. In addition, different plant NPF were reported to have a signaling activity that is independent of their transport activity, indicating a direct role in molecule sensing. Identification of NPF substrates is not trivial and requires specific heterologous expression systems such as Xenopus oocytes or yeast to be functionally characterized. The aim of this review is to highlight the techniques used for NPF characterization, provide a comprehensive overview of their different substrates, and to speculate on the role of NPF during plant evolution