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Behind the Scenes - Preferential Circulation and the Micro-Geography of Innovation in Off Off Broadway Theater (1950s-1970s)
No full textInternational audienc
The emergence of Green Budgeting in public organizations: The challenges of a new environmental performance control system
No full textInternational audienceGreen Budgeting is an important new tool for managing environmental performance in public organizations. Despite its growing popularity in recent years, particularly in Europe, few studies have focused on this tool in the field of administrative sciences. What is more, the term ‘Green Budgeting’ tends to cover a wide variety of practices in public organizations. In response to the current limitations of the academic literature, and to clarify the concept of Green Budgeting, our article examines the challenges of Green Budgeting and the choices that public organizations make when implementing this approach. Based on a literature review, two case studies, expert interviews and our participation in various Green Budgeting think-tank events, we identify and discuss three challenges arising from the design and one challenge arising from the use of this new environmental performance monitoring tool, and propose a framework for analysing promising Green Budgeting initiatives with a view to future research
Why should I comply with taxes if others don’t?: Social information and behavioral convergence: An experimental study
No full textInternational audienceThis experimental study investigates the impact of social information about others’ tax behavior on individuals’ subsequent tax decisions. Two types of social information are introduced: (i) the average income reported within the subject’s entire group, and (ii) the average income reported within a reference subgroup made of either peers or non-peers and chosen by the subject. Our results show that social information significantly affects subsequent tax decisions, with a change in reported income ranging from 15% to 30% of total income on average. Moreover, the influence of whole-group information on tax behavior appears to be stronger than that of chosen-group information. Quite strikingly, a majority of subjects show more interest in the tax behavior of non-peers than in that of peers. Finally, our data provide strong evidence of behavioral convergence towards the average tax behavior of others
Right to stay? Long-run experimental evidence on land formalization and widows’ tenure security in Benin
No full textInternational audienceIn many parts of the world, women’s land rights remain informal, leaving widows – especially those without a male heir – at high risk of losing access to their land and homes when their husbands die. We study whether large-scale land formalization programs can improve widows’ tenure security, using data from a randomized controlled trial in rural Benin. Four years after the intervention, widows in villages with land formalization were significantly more likely to remain in their homes, with the strongest effects among those without a male heir. We identify two key mechanisms: increased community recognition of women’s land rights and greater decision-making power over land resources. These findings highlight the potential of land formalization to strengthen women’s tenure security and promote their long-term economic stability in similar settings
Online Markov Decision Processes with Terminal Law Constraints
No full textTraditional reinforcement learning usually assumes either episodic interactions with resets or continuous operation to minimize average or cumulative loss. While episodic settings have many theoretical results, resets are often unrealistic in practice. The infinite-horizon setting avoids this issue but lacks non-asymptotic guarantees in online scenarios with unknown dynamics. In this work, we move towards closing this gap by introducing a reset-free framework called the periodic framework, where the goal is to find periodic policies: policies that not only minimize cumulative loss but also return the agents to their initial state distribution after a fixed number of steps. We formalize the problem of finding optimal periodic policies and identify sufficient conditions under which it is well-defined for tabular Markov decision processes. To evaluate algorithms in this framework, we introduce the periodic regret, a measure that balances cumulative loss with the terminal law constraint. We then propose the first algorithms for computing periodic policies in two multi-agent settings and show they achieve sublinear periodic regret of order Õ(T 3/4 ). This provides the first non-asymptotic guarantees for reset-free learning in the setting of M homogeneous agents, for M > 1
Career Change Into Farming: The Scope and Limits of a Farming Degree for New Entrants in Agriculture
No full textInternational audienceABSTRACT Generational renewal in agriculture has become a pressing issue in most post‐industrial countries, even as some people from other careers seek to enter farming. Such people had little formal agricultural training in the past, but today their careers may be facilitated by public centres for agricultural training. This article presents findings from a mixed methods study heavily reliant on a relational approach in a public training centre, using the concept of educational capital to study a farming degree as a condition of success for new entrants in agriculture. Findings highlight that educational capital is now a resource for entering agriculture mid‐career. Aspiring farmers’ initial educational certifications and skills were found to be determinant in access to formal training. The study shows that although the value of such degrees is still uncertain with actors in conventional farming, it has become important to local governments and organic farming networks. Last, it demonstrates that formal training is an ‘institution of change’ offering a bridge into farming from other paths
Closed-form estimators for multivariate regressions models -a single categorical variable approach
No full textInternational audienceThe maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) remains the most frequently used method to estimate the parameters of generalized linear models. But even for distributions within the exponential family, MLEs are not always tractable and need to be computed with time consuming numerical methods like the Iterative Weighted Least Square algorithm. In order to improve the computation time, closed-form estimators have been found in case of categorical explanatory variables for univariate random variables of one-parameter exponential type. In the context of multivariate generalized linear models (MGLM), we propose a new way to look at the score in case of single categorical variables for any distribution in the exponential family. Firstly, we derive closed-form MLE for MGLM assuming multinomial and negative multinomial distributions. Secondly, we deduce similar results for the multivariate normal distributions. For the Dirichlet distribution, we propose a closed-form estimator, yet not MLE, for which we prove the consistency. We illustrate the computation time gains on simulated datasets: closed-form estimators are about 1000 times faster, especially for high dimension. Closed-form estimators are computed in constant times.. Finally, we show the relevancy of the proposed estimator on real-world datasets by modeling cause-of-death mortality in US. We are able to catch the first-order effects of covid between 2019 and 2021
L’ennui des managers intermédiaires : une influence stratégique empêchée ?
No full textFNEGE 2International audienceÀ l’heure où le rôle des managers intermédiaires est remis en question, s’intéresser à leur expérience de l’ennui peut révéler une tout autre réalité. En adoptant une approche socialement située, notre objectif est de comprendre cette expérience dans le cadre de l’exercice de leurs rôles stratégiques. Une étude qualitative conduite auprès de trente managers intermédiaires du secteur bancaire souligne un ennui marqué par le sentiment d’être empêché d’exercer leur influence stratégique. Leur sortie de l’ennui dépend alors des interactions au cœur de leur métier
