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Applying the FAIR Principles to computational workflows
No full textInternational audienceRecent trends within computational and data sciences show an increasing recognition and adoption of computational workflows as tools for productivity and reproducibility that also democratize access to platforms and processing know-how. As digital objects to be shared, discovered, and reused, computational workflows benefit from the FAIR principles, which stand for Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable. The Workflows Community Initiative’s FAIR Workflows Working Group (WCI-FW), a global and open community of researchers and developers working with computational workflows across disciplines and domains, has systematically addressed the application of both FAIR data and software principles to computational workflows. We present recommendations with commentary that reflects our discussions and justifies our choices and adaptations. These are offered to workflow users and authors, workflow management system developers, and providers of workflow services as guidelines for adoption and fodder for discussion. The FAIR recommendations for workflows that we propose in this paper will maximize their value as research assets and facilitate their adoption by the wider community
Highlighting competitive interactions between algae, corals, and herbivores in Bora Bora (French Polynesia)
No full textInternational audienceCoral reefs, some of the most important marine ecosystems, are mainly structured by interactions between corals and benthic algae. The outcome of these interactions varies depending on the types of corals and algae involved. However, human activities, associated mainly with eutrophication and overfishing of herbivorous organisms, strongly impact the outcome of algae-coral interactions by promoting progressive replacement of corals by algae. The present study aimed to firstly establish the first inventory of algae-coral interactions at the species level on the Bora Bora reefs, and then experimentally determine the role of herbivorous species (sea urchins and Trochus shells) in the regulation of these complex algae-coral interactions. Firstly, visual surveys showed that the outcome of algae-coral interactions varied significantly according to the length of the algae-coral interaction border, and among algae-coral couples. For example, unhealthy coral colonies with large interaction borders were associated with a higher percentage of negative interactions. Then, using experimental enclosures for 70 days, we showed that the sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla controlled the proliferation of algae and thus allowed a better growth of Acropora corals. Overall, the present study suggests that conservation programs should rely on grazer densities as a Nature-Based Solution to attenuate global shifts from coral- to algal-dominance
From order lifting to social ranking: recovering preferences from partial extensions
No full textInternational audienceSeveral methods have been introduced in the literature to extend preferences over items from a population to preferences over the groups they may form - a problem known as the Order Lifting problem. The converse matter of deducing preferences over items from expressed preferences over the coalitions that may be formed within a population - a problem known as the Social Ranking Problem - has also been studied more recently. In this paper, we investigate the links between these two problems: after an examination of the general case, we consider the impact of missing information, by studying which social ranking methods allow for the most accurate recovery of initial preferences over items, depending on the amount of missing information about coalitions. Finally, we consider the specific case in which preferences are only expressed over coalitions of same size, and examine the accuracy of social ranking methods when faced with impartial information about preferences over -sized coalitions
Hairdressers and well-being: Local services provision and mental health first response
No full textInternational audienceMental health is globally underfunded. In low-income settings, innovative and layman solutions may constitute alternatives to formal medical systems. We evaluate an innovative program training hairdressers to act as first responders to manifestations of mental health issues. 73 hairdressers were trained in active listening. We find some evidence that the training improved hairdresser-customer interactions, but found no effect on the mental health of customers. We also found that training worsened mental health outcomes for hairdressers, and speculate that this has to do with reduced stigma and improved self-evaluative capacities, showing that both customers and hairdressers updated their beliefs about mental health. These results suggest that training alone in a context with stigma and poor mental health awareness may not be enough to measurably improve mental health outcomes, and future similar interventions may want to consider combining training with subsidized access to care, at least in an initial phase
Accounting for Social and Environmental Sustainability
No full textInternational audienceFor a company, managing its social and environmental performance is no longer just a matter of reducing its impact; it must also be able to assess its contribution to resolving or aggravating social and environmental problems. This book argues that the current work on accounting for sustainability has not yet given organisations a tool to integrate their performance within the planetary and social framework that conveys actual "planetary and social budgets", and that business organisations lack the possibility to go beyond incremental performance measurement.It offers an in‑depth examination of multi‑capital accounting, which has already been integrated within the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive and will follow on from sustainability reporting. The LIFTS model (Limits and Foundations Towards Sustainability Accounting Model) used in this book combines various scientific and practical contributions to develop budgets for environmental impacts and social obligations on an organisational scale. It proposes an accounting mechanism that enables an organization to manage each of its budgets and measure variances between forecast and actual. It provides an introduction to the principles of this model and its conditions of application and describes its implementation in numerous companies.While the main audience for the book is academics, advanced students and researchers in accounting for sustainability, business and management and economics, it will also appeal to practitioners, policymakers, national standard setters, think tanks and non-governmental organizations (NGOs).The Open Access version of this book, available at https://www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license
Macroscopic diffusive fluctuations for generalized hard rods dynamics
No full textAccepted for the publication in Annals of Applied ProbabilityInternational audienceWe study the fluctuations in equilibrium for a dynamics of rods with random length. This includes the classical hard rod elastic collisions, when rod lengths are constant and equal to a positive value. We prove that in the diffusive space-time scaling, an initial fluctuation of density of particles of velocity v, after recentering on its Euler evolution, evolve randomly shifted by a Brownian motion of variance D(v)
Minimax estimation of Functional Principal Components from noisy discretized functional data.
No full textInternational audienceAbstract Functional Principal Component Analysis is a reference method for dimension reduction of curve data. Its theoretical properties are now well understood in the simplified case where the sample curves are fully observed without noise. However, functional data are noisy and necessarily observed on a finite discretization grid. Common practice consists in smoothing the data and then to compute the functional estimates, but the impact of this denoising step on the procedure's statistical performance are rarely considered. Here we prove new convergence rates for functional principal component estimators. We introduce a double asymptotic framework: one corresponding to the sampling size and a second to the size of the grid. We prove that estimates based on projection onto histograms show optimal rates in a minimax sense. Theoretical results are illustrated on simulated data and the method is applied to the visualization of genomic data
Emission impossible: Balancing Environmental Concerns and Inflation
No full textWe provide a theoretical framework to examine how carbon pricing policies influence inflation and to estimate the policy-driven impact on goods prices from achieving net-zero emissions. Firms control emissions by adjusting production, abating, or purchasing permits, and these strategies determine emissions reductions that affect the consumer price index. We first examine an emissions-regulated economy, solving the market equilibrium under any dynamic allocation of allowances set by the regulator. Next, we analyze a regulator balancing emission reduction and inflation targets, identifying the optimal allocation when accounting for both environmental and inflationary concerns. By adjusting penalties for deviations from these targets, we demonstrate how regulatory priorities shape equilibrium outcomes. Under reasonable model parameterisation, even when considerable emphasis is placed on maintaining inflation at acceptable levels or grant lower priority to emissions reduction targets, the costs associated with emission deviations still exceed any savings from marginally lower inflation. Emission reduction goals should remain the primary focus for policymakers
Une approche multiprofessionnelle de l'accessibilité aux soins de premier recours : des configurations territoriales très diverses
No full textIRDES - DOCUMENTS DE TRAVAIL : DT n° 93Background. Increasing inequalities in accessibility to primary care has generated medical deserts. Identifying them is key to target the geographic areas where action is needed. An extensive definition of primary care has been promoted by the World Health Organization: a first level of contact with the health system, which involves the co-presence of different categories of health professionals alongside the general practitioner for the diagnosis and treatment of patients. Previous analyses have focused mainly on a single type of provider while this study proposes an integrated approach including various providers to define medical deserts in primary care.Method. Our empirical approach focuses on the first point of contact with the health system: general practitioners, proximity primary care providers (nurses, physiotherapists, pharmacies, laboratories, and radiologists), and emergency services. A multiple analysis approach was performed, to classify French municipalities using the information on the evolution and needs of health care accessibility, combining a principal component analysis and a hierarchical ascending classification.Results. Two clusters of medical deserts were identified with low accessibility to all healthcare professionals, socio-economic disadvantages, and a decrease in care supply. In other clusters, accessibility difficulties only concern a part of the health supply considered, which raises concern for the efficiency of primary care for optimal healthcare pathways. Even for clusters with better accessibility, issues were identified, such as a decrease and high needs of health care supply, revealing potential future difficulties.Conclusion. This work proposes a multi-professional and multi-dimensional approach to medical deserts based mainly on an extensive definition of primary care that shows the relevance of the co-presence of various healthcare professionals. The classification also makes it possible to identify areas with future problems of accessibility and its potential consequences. This framework could be easily applied to other countries according to their available data and their health systems’ specificitiesContexte. Les médecins généralistes libéraux sont inégalement répartis sur le territoire avec pour conséquence des espaces mieux dotés quand d'autres apparaissent sous-dotés et sont couramment appelés des « déserts médicaux ». Cette situation est exacerbée par la baisse de l'offre de médecins généralistes disponible et qui va encore durer jusqu'à la fin de la décennie. Dans le même temps, l'accessibilité à d'autres professions de santé de premier recours (infirmières et masseurs-kinésithérapeutes, par exemple) s'améliore.Le premier recours avec le système de santé implique la coprésence de différentes catégories de professionnels de santé aux côtés du médecin généraliste pour le diagnostic et le traitement des patients. Si la littérature sur les inégalités spatiales d'accessibilité est étoffée, les approches mesurant l'accessibilité à plusieurs professionnels de santé sont plus rares.Objectif. Il s'agit ici de renouveler la description de l'accessibilité aux soins de premier recours à partir d'une approche pluriprofessionnelle tenant compte du médecin généraliste, de ses partenaires du quotidien (infirmiers, kinésithérapeutes, pharmacies), de ceux servant d'appui au diagnostic (laboratoires et radiologues) et des services d'urgence.Méthode. Pour classer les communes françaises selon leur niveau, évolution et besoins en matière d'accessibilité aux soins, nous avons procédé en trois étapes. Des scores ont été créés par groupes de professionnels de santé et par grandes dimensions. Puis nous avons effectué une Analyse en composantes principales (ACP) suivie d'une Classification ascendante hiérarchique (CAH) sur ces scores.Résultats. Deux classes de communes cumulent faible accessibilité aux soins, forts désavantages socio-économiques, et, pour l'une, baisse de l'offre de soins. Dans d'autres classes, la faible accessibilité aux soins ne concerne qu'une partie de l'offre considérée, ce qui questionne l'efficacité des soins primaires pour optimiser les parcours de soins. Enfin, dans des classes mieux dotées en matière d'accessibilité, d'autres problématiques d'évolution de l'offre et de besoins persistent
Vacuum polarization in a one-dimensional effective quantum-electrodynamics model
No full textWith the aim of progressing toward a practical implementation of an effective quantum-electrodynamics (QED) theory of atoms and molecules, which includes the effects of vacuum polarization through the creation of virtual electron-positron pairs but without the explicit photon degrees of freedom, we study a one-dimensional effective QED model of the hydrogen-like atom with delta-potential interactions. This model resembles the three-dimensional effective QED theory with Coulomb interactions while being substantially simpler. We provide some mathematical details about the definition of this model, calculate the vacuum-polarization density, and the Lamb-type shift of the bound-state energy, correcting and extending results of previous works. We also study the approximation of the model in a finite plane-wave basis, and in particular we discuss the basis convergence of the bound-state energy and eigenfunction, of the vacuum-polarization density, and of the Lamb-type shift of the bound-state energy. We highlight the difficulty of converging the vacuum-polarization density in a finite basis and we propose a way to improve it. The present work could give hints on how to perform similar calculations for the three-dimensional effective QED theory of atoms and molecules