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Developing a framework for designing humanitarian blockchain projects
No full textInternational audienceBlockchain technology promises to improve the efficiency, transparency, and accountability of humanitarian operations. Yet at the same time, especially the humanitarian context with its characteristic volatility poses unique challenges to any technology. Most prominent are the humanitarian principles that are fundamental to humanitarian operations. These ethical principles are set to protect the most vulnerable populations. Designing blockchain projects in the humanitarian context therefore requires a systematic framework that helps humanitarians make critical choices.While some design instructions can be found for commercial applications, the humanitarian context requires different design principles and guidelines. To address the lack of a design framework for humanitarian blockchain projects, in this paper, we design and validate guidelines for humanitarian blockchain-projects. We use data from two humanitarian blockchain pilots in Jordan and Kenya to design our framework. Thereafter, we benchmark its applicability and relevance against another pilot in Vanuatu. Our framework highlights the need to consider infrastructure, end-users, ethics, stakeholders, and privacy in contexts, scalability and in/out mechanisms in technology, and knowledge/skills and intellectual property in organisation-related design requirements
Vers un service public raisonné
No full textNational audienceQu’est-ce qu’une administration, si ce n’est une organisation publique qui remplit des missions d’intérêt général et dont on exige de la qualité de service ? Son objectif premier consiste à maximiser la satisfaction de ses bénéficiaires. Mais comment la mesurer et l’atteindre ?L’efficacité et l’efficience de l’administration sont souvent critiquées et font l’objet de nombreux débats contradictoires. Suffirait-il simplement d’accroître les budgets pour que la situation s’améliore ? Peut-être. Mais, dans un contexte budgétaire de dettes durables, la juste mesure des investissements à opérer réclame une réflexion de fond sur la préparation de l’avenir avec son cortège de mutations.Cet ouvrage exprime le point de vue de six ingénieurs évoluant dans différentes administrations. Il propose d’adapter des démarches de progrès permanent issues de l’ingénierie d’entreprise au cas particulier des administrations publiques, tout en tenant compte de ses caractéristiques propres. Les auteurs abordent des sujets aussi fondamentaux que l’approche processus, l’amélioration continue, la gestion des flux, la structuration des systèmes d’information ou la conduite du changement en proposant des solutions concrètes et accessibles.Cet ouvrage est aussi une boîte à outils destinée à tous les citoyens, curieux et attachés au service public, afin de mieux appréhender les enjeux et les défis des prochaines années
A Data-Driven and Knowledge-Driven Method towards the IRP of Modern Logistics
No full textInternational audienceInventory Routing Problem (IRP) is a typical optimization problem in logistics. To reduce the total cost, which contains the product transportation cost, the inventory holding cost, the customer satisfaction cost, etc., a wide range of impact factors have to be taken into consideration. Since more and more intelligent devices have been adopted in the management of modern logistics, the amount of the collected data (relevant to those impact factors) increases exponentially. However, the quality of the collected data is suffering from a certain number of uncertainties, such as device status and the transmission network environment. Considering the volume and quality of the collected data, the traditional data-driven distribution optimization methods encounter a bottleneck. In this paper, we propose a hybrid optimization method which combines data-driven and knowledge-driven techniques together. In our method, a domain ontology, which has better scalability and generality, is built as an extension of data-driven optimization algorithms. Knowledge reasoning techniques are also combined to handle data quality issue and uncertainties. To evaluate the performance of our method, we carried out a case study, which is provided by a French company “Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmetics” (PFDC). This case study is a simplified scenario of the practical business process of PFDC
Unraveled mechanisms in energy production from bioresources using steam gasification
No full textInternational audienceLignocellulosic agrowastes are one of the most abundant and inexpensive bioresources on earth. However, they comprise a wide range of materials with different organic and inorganic composition that may influence their performance in energy applications. Here, we analyze the impact of inherent inorganics on the steam gasification performance of bioresources, using an approach combining the analysis of the gasification reaction mechanisms, and the assessment of the process product distribution and energy balance. We proved that the inorganic ratio K/(Si + P) is a valuable indicator of the biomass gasification reactivity and product yield. Under the same experimental conditions, samples with K/(Si + P) higher than 1 followed a catalytic gasification behavior, resulting in higher gas yields and process gas efficiencies in comparison to samples with K/(Si + P) below 1. This work is expected to bring new insights in the field and could facilitate the adaptation of the process parameters to the feedstock characteristics and the application requirements
Waterworks Sludge: An Underrated Material for Beneficial Reuse in Water and Environmental Engineering: review
No full textInternational audienceWaterworks sludge refers to the inevitable suspended and dissolved solids produced during the water purification process when producing tap water where Al-salt and/or Fe-salt are used as coagulant worldwide. Waterworks sludge is dewatered and the resultant cakes have been treated as “waste” for landfill as their major final disposal solution for a long time in practice. As waterworks sludge is the residual of potable water treatment process, it is not harmful and without toxic elements such as heavy metals in most cases in comparison to sewage sludges for instance. Actually, waterworks sludge is an underrated material with huge potential for beneficial reuse as raw material in water and environmental engineering. However, little was significantly progressed on this topic until the last two decades. Research and development (R&D) with special interest and focus on waterworks sludge reuse was conducted in our group in the last 15 years and this paper reports and discusses the main work and its novel application profile. Overall, it is believed that the R&D of waterworks sludge is useful and will help to develop national strategy of the entire waterworks sludge management, allowing its transformation from a “waste” into value-added products, and thus contribute to sustainable development
Experimental validation of the diffusion function model for accuracy-enhanced thermoreflectometry
No full textInternational audienceIn thefield of thermography, the main problem in measuring truetemperature lies in determining the emissivity. Thermoreflectometryovercomes this problem by an in-situ emissivity determinationmethod based on bidirectional reflectivity measurement. Thismethod introduces a diffusion function model which links the bidir-ectional reflectivity measured to the emissivity. The true temperatureand the model parameters are then found with the solution ofa system of radiometric equations. Thefirst contribution of this articleis the modelling of the diffusion function using physical models ofthe Bidirectional Reflectivity Distribution Function (BRDF). The sug-gested model depends on two parameters: the roughness and thegeometrical setting of the measurement. For a given configuration,the identification of the roughness parameter provides a knowledgeof the evolution of the surface state according to the operatingconditions of the material (deformation, damage, etc.). The secondcontribution is the validation of the roughness parameter identifiedby the thermoreflectometry method. Validation is done ona reference sample in platinum with a measured roughness.Another validation is performed on the BRDF model by measure-ments on a Fourier transform spectrometer. It validates the shape ofthe model and gives a second validation of the roughness parameterby using curve-fitting identification
Feasibility of additive manufacturing processes for lunar soil simulants
No full textInternational audienceCombination of In-situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) and on-site Additive Manufacturing (AM) is one of the“outer space applied technologies” candidates where free shape fabrication from micro (e.g., tools) to mega scale(e.g. lunar habitats) will allow in coming future to settle the Moon or potentially other celestial bodies. Within thisresearch, Selected Laser Melting (SLM) of lunar soil (regolith) simulants (LHS-1 LMS-1 and JSC-2A) using acontinuous wave 100 W 1090 nm fiber laser was applied. The resulting samples were mechanically and opticallycharacterized. A numerical multiphysics model was developed to understand the heat transfer and optimize the SLMprocess. Results obtained are in good agreement with the numerical model. The physical and chemical characteristicsof the various materials (granulometry, density, composition, and thermal properties) have a strong impact on theAM parameters
Tailoring glass fiber surface for the polymerization and crystallization of anionic PA6
No full textInternational audienceMonomer polymerization after the impregnation of reinforcements is a relevant option for the manufacturing of thermoplastic composites by liquid processes (infusion or RTM). In the case of polyamide 6 synthesized by this process, the systems composed of monomers, catalyst and activator react within the fibrous environment. Therefore, fiber sizing is a crucial parameter because it not only influences the polymerization and crystallization processes, but also controls the fiber-matrix adhesion
Analyzing Hospital Sterilization Service Vulnerabilities Using a Risk-aware Business Process Modeling Method
No full textPart 17: Digital Tools and Applications for Collaborative HealthcareInternational audienceHealthcare processes, such as sterilization, are extremely dynamic, complex, and multidisciplinary, making risk management in healthcare facilities particularly challenging. Risk-aware business process management is a new paradigm for better understanding such processes by identifying and evaluating the risks that go along with them. This paper focuses on analyzing the vulnerability of a hospital sterilization service through the use of a new framework, called e-BPRIM, which consists of the digitalization of the Business Process-risk management - Integrated Method (BPRIM). The e-BPRIM framework promotes and supports risk-aware process management with AdoBPRIM, a modeling environment using the ADOxx meta-modeling platform. The main e-BPRIM components will be introduced and then used to study the robustness of a given sterilization process taking into consideration several potential risks
Optimisation de centrales solaires à concentration: calcul de sensibilité par Monte Carlo et couplage avec un algorithme à descente de gradient
No full textInternational audienceFarges, Olivier. "Conception optimale de centrales solaires à concentration : application aux centrales à tour et aux installations 'beam down.'" Phdthesis, Ecole des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01135529