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Le paludisme en Union des Comores de 1923 à 2023 : une approche géographique pour déterminer l’importance des facteurs environnementaux et sociaux dans son maintien
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Les expressions réunionnaises dans le champ des féminismes postcolonial, anticolonial et décolonial : Clélie Gamaleya, Françoise Vergès et Myriam Paris
No full textInternational audienceThis article offers a focused study of the major works using feminist critical epistemologies applied to the context of Reunion Island, aiming to highlight the productivity of analyses developed from Réunion. To do this, we bring together the works of intellectuals from Reunion across three different generations on issues of gender and the interconnection of systems of domination in the colonial and postcolonial context of Reunion. A significant focus is given to Clélie Gamaleya, an activist and intellectual rendered invisible by the colonial system, through an analysis of the two editions of Les Filles d’Héva, trois siècles de la vie des femmes à La Réunion (1984, 1991). We then provide elements of Françoise Vergès' decolonial feminism, tracing her trajectory from L'homme prédateur (2011) to Une théorie féministe de la violence (2020). Finally, we conclude with an outline of the ambitious multidisciplinary framework that supports the development of the subject area proposed by Myriam Paris. Through these three authors, we seek to observe how women from Reunion Island, as subjects of history and producers of knowledge, are making their place in the field of human and social sciences studies.Cet article propose une étude ciblée des travaux majeurs utilisant les épistémologies critiques féministes appliquées au contexte réunionnais dans le but de mettre à jour la fécondité des analyses établies depuis La Réunion. Pour cela, nous rapprochons les productions d’intellectuelles réunionnaises de trois générations différentes sur les questions de genre et d’imbrication des systèmes de domination dans le contexte colonial et postcolonial de La Réunion. Une large place est faite à Clélie Gamaleya, militante et intellectuelle invisibilisée par le système colonial, à travers une analyse des deux éditions de Les Filles d’Héva, trois siècles de la vie des femmes à La Réunion (1984, 1991). Nous proposons ensuite quelques éléments du féminisme décolonial de Françoise Vergès en suivant la trajectoire qui va de L’homme prédateur (2011) à Une théorie féministe de la violence (2020). Enfin, nous terminons par une esquisse du quadrillage pluridisciplinaire ambitieux et propice au développement du champ d’intérêt du sujet que propose Myriam Paris. À travers ces trois autrices, nous cherchons à observer comment les femmes réunionnaises, comme sujets de l’histoire et comme productrices de savoirs, prennent leur place dans les études en sciences humaines et sociales
Superconducting machine using bulk for aircraft application
No full textInternational audienceThis paper presents the superconducting machine demonstrator developed in the FROST project (Flux-barrier Rotating Superconducting Topology), launched in 2020. The 250 kW prototype integrates three subsystems: a rotor with HTS bulk superconductors [1], a stationary HTS coil energized with DC, and a three-phase copper armature with Litz wire. The inductor's static coil establishes an axial magnetizing field, while the bulks act as flux shields, creating a spatial modulation of flux that generates a homopolar component. The brushless topology relies on conventional copper windings without iron teeth, reducing losses and improving performance.Earlier research mainly focused on small-scale radial-flux prototypes. The FROST project advances toward a 250 kW demonstrator through modelling, optimization, and design improvements. The BSCCO tape was replaced by ReBCO for higher margins, and the superconducting screen geometry was modified from circular to trapezoidal. Bulk magnetization by the static coil enables suppression of the homopolar field, allowing flux alternation between +Bmax and -Bmax, with potential to double power output.The first experimental stage characterizes the superconducting coil at 30 K, an important operating point for HTS. Efficient cryogenics, insulation, and distributed sensors ensure stable cooling. Hall probes embedded map flux distribution with high accuracy. Shielding tests validate superconductivity and homogeneity.</div
Biotransformation of the secondary metabolites from Picralima nitida and their antibacterial activities
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How do cropping practices influence coffee quality? A study from South-Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo
No full textSource Agritrop Cirad (https://agritrop.cirad.fr/616527/) * Autres projets (id;sigle;titre): 101083653;CANALLS;(EU) Driving agroecological transitions in the humid tropics of Central and Eastern Africa through transdisciplinary agroecology Living Labs//International audienceRational - In many countries, coffee is a cash crop for smallholder farmers. Coffee quality – defined here by physical and organoleptic attributes – is an important driver of coffee price and is affected by coffee variety, pedoclimatic conditions, farmer practices and post-harvest processing. Adapting cropping practices might be the cheapest and fastest way for farmers to improve coffee quality and thus potential revenue. This requires a better understanding of influences of cropping system's components and management on the quality attributes of coffee. Method - In South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo, 24 farmers from the territory of Kalehe and 30 from the territory Kabaré were interviewed and their cropping systems described. Samples of damage-free ripe coffee cherries were bought and processed in a nearby washing stations (wet-processing). Each sample was cupped by 6 cuppers following the SCA protocol. Granulometry was measured. The quality attributes were analyzed in relation to the farmers practices and fields characteristics. All farmers used Kabaré 16 cultivar alone or mixed with Catuaï. Fields were located between 1470 and 1950 meters above sea level. To account for soil and climate differences, fields surveyed in Kabaré and Kalehe were analyzed separately. Factorial analysis of mixed data was used to explore the relations between cupping score, granulometry and farmers' practices. Results - Analysis could not link granulometry or cupping score to farmers' practices in Kalehe fields. In Kabaré territory, the 2 first dimensions of the multivariate analysis explained 46% of the data variability. Higher cupping scores were associated with the presence of understory crops (casava or bush beans), weeding, suckers' elimination and with coffee plants that were not stumped the year before. The three first practices suggest a more intensive management by farmers, while the effect of the later could derive from physiological causes. Higher proportion of large beans (≥15/64) tended to be associated with the absence of mulching and shade trees. It suggests that shade tree management and mulching practices could be levers to improve granulometry. Conclusions & Perspectives - These preliminary results will be complemented by further analysis of farmers practices, as well as yield and soil characteristics. Rather than identifying one practice yielding high cupping scores, this work aims at identifying combinations of practices and conditions associated with cupping scores. This knowledge could be later used to develop recommendations for farmers and identify farms/fields with higher quality potential to make micro coffee lots, with higher payment potential for farmers
Bioremediation of microplastic pollution: A systematic review on mechanism, analytical methods, innovations, and omics approaches
No full textInternational audienceMicroplastic pollution represents an alarming environmental crisis, affecting ecosystems and posing significant threats to biodiversity and human health. This systematic review explores microbial bioremediation as an effective microplastics (MPs) removal approach, focusing on bacterial, fungal, and algal degradation mechanisms. Unlike conventional methods, microbial bioremediation leverages enzymatic activity, biofilm formation, and metabolic pathways to break down MPs into less harmful byproducts. Key influencing factors, such as polymer crystallinity, molecular weight, surface properties, and environmental conditions, play a crucial role in determining microbial degradation efficiency. Analytical methods, including FTIR, SEM, TGA, and gravimetric analysis, provide critical insights into MPs degradation pathways and microbial interactions. Recent innovations, such as bioaugmentation, genetically engineered microbial strains, and enzymatic bioreactors, have further enhanced the efficiency of MPs biodegradation. The integration of omics technologies, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, has advanced the understanding of microbial metabolic pathways and the identification of novel plastic-degrading enzymes. This review also discusses the specific roles of bacteria, fungi, and algae in MPs degradation, highlighting their enzymatic capabilities and interactions with different polymer types. Despite significant advancements, challenges such as scalability, varying degradation rates across environments, and potential ecological risks remain. Future research should focus on optimizing microbial consortia, improving enzymatic activity, and developing large-scale applications to effectively address MPs pollution
Nutrigenomics and personalized diets - Tailoring nutrition for optimal health
No full textInternational audienceHuman health has long been understood to be severely affected by diet. Disturbed lifestyle and diets have led to an increase in metabolic disorders, resulting in high rates of mortality and morbidity. However, personalized nutrition, revolutionized by omics technologies, can address these disorders and enable doctors to anticipate the best treatment for patients. Omics along with nutrigenomics, explores how genes react to specific bioactive compounds in food within the human body. Since individuals vary in dietary response due to unique physiological and genetic factors, personalized nutrition considers gene polymorphisms to tailor diets. In addition, systems biology tools like proteomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics work alongside statistical methods to analyse genetic variation and gut microflora differences that influence metabolic health through food bioactives. The blending of technologies like nutrigenomics and artificial intelligence is necessary to integrate multiple data sets, analyse numerous variables, build databases to support ethical guidelines and decision-making, identify underlying risk factors, and uncover biological mechanisms that enable the early diagnosis and prevention of complex diseases. Whereas personalized diets, shown to enhance the efficacy of medical treatments, offer a promising preventive strategy for conditions like obesity, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. The nutrigenomic approach promotes "eating the food that not only your taste buds but your genes want," emphasizing diet's role in personalized health. This article explores the field of nutrigenomics and personalized nutrition, with a focus on how food's bioactive compounds influence genes to maintain health, prevent diseases, and optimize well-being. It highlights the relationship between genetic polymorphisms and conditions like cardiovascular disease and metabolic disorders, showcasing advancements from genome sequencing and omics technologies
Reassessing Earthquake Magnitudes and Ground Motion in Northwestern France: Implications for Seismic Hazard in a Stable Region
No full textInternational audienceThe northwestern part of mainland France is considered a tectonically stable region but experiences recurrent moderate earthquakes (Mw > 4), such as the Layon (2019, Mw ~4.2) and La Laigne (2023, Mw 5) events. Ground motion prediction models (GMMs) currently used for seismic hazard assessment have not been specifically validated for this region. Recent studies (Ramadan et al., 2024) have shown significant discrepancies between observed ground motions in this region and predictions from the Italian GMM (Lanzano et al., 2019), particularly an enhanced high-frequency content and lower amplitudes at low frequencies. However, these results are limited by large uncertainties in Mw estimates, which may be overestimated due to magnitude conversion laws (Laurendeau et al., 2019). In this study, we reassess the Mw values of earthquakes in the French Résif strong-motion database (Traversa et al., 2020) using the SourceSpec method (Satriano, 2025). Our preliminary results indicate systematically lower Mw values than those in the original flatfile, with differences of up to 1 Mw unit. Using this revised dataset, we analyze the ground motion characteristics in the region and assess the applicability of multiple GMMs. This work provides new insights on ground motion prediction in low-strain regions and contributes to improving seismic hazard assessment in northwestern France
«Économie quantique plasticienne : vers une financeadaptative inspirée de la mécanique quantique»Plastician quantum economics: towards adaptive finance inspired by quantum mechanics
No full textThis paper introduces Plastician Quantum Economics, a novel paradigm thatintegrates the probabilistic structure of quantum mechanics with computational plasticity,embodied by the AORA operator and the dynamic variable θ(t). Unlike classical financialmodels or rigid quantum finance approaches, our framework conceptualizes markets as living, adaptive, and resilient systems. Simulations conducted on three scenarios — systemicfinancial crisis, speculative bubble, and global energy shock — demonstrate that plasticityreduces the amplitude of crises, accelerates recovery, and enhances intertemporal fairness inrisk distribution. These findings suggest that Plastician Quantum Economics can serve as anew compass for global financial regulation, combining stability, adaptability, and equity.Cet article introduit l'économie quantique plasticienne, un paradigme novateur qui combine la structure probabiliste de la mécanique quantique avec la plasticité computationnelle incarnée par l'opérateur AORA et la variable dynamique θ(t). Contrairement aux modèles financiers classiques ou aux approches figées de la finance quantique, notre cadre propose une représentation des marchés comme systèmes vivants, adaptatifs et résilients. Les simulations menées sur trois scénarios -crise financière systémique, bulle spéculative et choc énergétique global -montrent que la plasticité réduit l'amplitude des crises, accélère le retour à l'équilibre et améliore la justice intertemporelle dans la répartition des risques. Ces résultats suggèrent que l'économie quantique plasticienne peut constituer une nouvelle boussole pour la régulation financière mondiale, en conciliant stabilité, adaptabilité et équité.</div