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Effect of agroforestry and cocoa-producing geographical origin on the sensory profile of beans and chocolates in the climate change context in Côte d'Ivoire
No full textSource Agritrop Cirad (https://agritrop.cirad.fr/616449/) * Autres projets (id;sigle;titre): FOOD/2019/412-132;C4F;(EU) Cocoa4Future// ;DeSIRA;(EU) Development Smart Innovation through Research in Agriculture//International audienceThis paper investigated the effects of agroforestry (AF) on the sensory profiles of cocoa beans and the organoleptic quality of end-chocolates. A three-day opening delay for the Ivorian hybrid cultivar commonly known as “Mercedes” (Amelonado × West African Trinitario) from AF and full-sun (FS) plantations as control located at five cocoa-producing areas were fermented in wooden boxes for 6 days and stirred at days 2 and 4. Fermented cocoa was sun-dried until reaching 7–8% moisture and processed into chocolate. Volatile compounds of cocoa powder and chocolate were analyzed using the SPME-GC-MS method, while the organoleptic perception of chocolates was assessed by 12 professional judges according to 10 sensory descriptors. The findings revealed that the concentrations of esters ranged from 9.41 ± 0.61 to 19.35 ± 1.28 µg.g−1, aldehydes from 11.56 ± 0.7 to 25.33 ± 1.5 µg.g−1, and ketones from 5.76 ± 0.62 to 55.84 ± 4.39 µg.g−1 in cocoa beans regardless of the cropping system. However, the concentrations of some volatile compounds classes including alcohols, acids, and pyrazines were similar in AF and FS chocolate samples. AF system clearly influenced the volatile compound profiles of cocoa beans in only the Adzopé, Guibéroua, and Méagui regions without impacting those of the chocolates regardless of the geographical origin after fermentation and roasting. Furthermore, AF chocolate was not less appealing than the FS chocolate samples. So, AF system did not significantly influence the sensory perception of chocolate. AF can therefore be encouraged as a cropping system for cocoa cultivation to reduce deforestation and promote reforestation, ensuring the sustainability of cocoa
Effect of palm oil and shea butter addition on chocolate rheology, aroma release and sensory perception
No full textSource Agritrop Cirad (https://agritrop.cirad.fr/616433/) * Autres projets (id;sigle;titre): FOOD/2019/412-132;C4F;(EU) Cocoa4Future// ;DeSIRA;(EU) Development Smart Innovation through Research in Agriculture//International audienc
Monitoring Physicochemical Parameters During Bioremediation of Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soils in Brazzaville, Congo
No full textInternational audienceThe biodegradation of hydrocarbons by bacteria is undeniably one of the most successful processes in the elimination of hydrocarbon pollutants. Several bacteria have already been used in numerous applications in the bioremediation of environments polluted by hydrocarbons. However, few bioremediation studies have been carried out with indigenous Bacillus genus strains obtained in Congo-Brazzaville. This study aimed to treat soils polluted by hydrocarbons using the bioremediation technique. Soil samples were taken from four (04) garages chosen in some districts of Brazzaville, namely Ouenzé, Mfilou, Djiri and Talangai. Four treatments were carried out for bioremediation treatment while monitoring physicochemical parameters by bioaugmentation, biostimulation and a mixture of bioaugmentation and biostimulation. Several physicochemical parameters were monitored during the different treatments to understand the factors that could influence microbial metabolism during the degradation of total petroleum hydrocarbons in the soil. The total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) were extracted by Soxhlet during the treatments. The results obtained showed that the physicochemical parameters are optimal during organic degradation processes. The ranges of physicochemical parameters values are respectively between 23.3 and 28.4°C for temperature, between 38.6 and 5266.01µS/cm for conductivity, between 6.01 and 7.5 for pH, between 0 and 70% for the maximum water retention capacity, between 1 and 10% for humidity, between 0 and 88 mg/Kg for nitrogen and between 0 and 298.93 mg/Kg for potassium. The Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) concentrations in polluted soils decreased significantly throughout the treatments, with a drop between 25% and 85%. The greatest drop (75%-85%) in hydrocarbon concentrations is observed for Bioaugmentation (Bacteria) and Biostimulation+Bioaugmentation (NPK+Bacteria) combination treatments. Thus, bioremediation by adding Bacillus genus bacteria would be an alternative way for the depollution of soils polluted by hydrocarbons. Future research should focus on optimising the bioremediation process by investigating a wider diversity of indigenous microbial strains from different ecological niches in Congo-Brazzaville with a focus on enhancing hydrocarbon degradation efficiency
Exploring environmental nanobiogeochemistry using field-flow fractionation and ICP-MS-based tools: background and fundamentals
No full textInternational audienceThe recent application of sophisticated instrumentation and novel experimental techniques to environmental systems has driven the study of natural nanoparticles and nanoparticle systems towards new horizons. Moving beyond the detection of engineered nanoparticles in natural systems, these technologies create new knowledge about the composition, behaviour, and functions of natural nanoparticles as individual entities and particle systems. In this tutorial review, we define the emerging field of environmental nanobiogeochemistry and describe the fundamentals, optimization, advantages, and disadvantages of field-flow fractionation and ICP-MS-based techniques for advancing our understanding of natural nanoscale particles and particle systems. The companion perspective Exploring environmental nanobiogeochemistry using field-flow fractionation and ICP-MS-based tools: progress and frontiers describes the progress and frontiers in this research area using case studies drawn from a range of published and unpublished data spanning diverse environmental systems. Thus, by combining necessary background with the most recent findings and key challenges, these contributions provide key knowledge for new and established researchers entering this exciting field and lay the groundwork for future research
Stakeholder learning in transdisciplinary research: application in the mangrove fisheries in Madagascar
No full textInternational audienceIn the context of the FAO's Small-Scale Fisheries (SSF) Voluntary Guidelines, inclusive management and participatory research approaches to SSF have been encouraged. To date such initiatives have been limited at the sub-national and national levels. The European CORECRABE action research project (2019-2023) addressed that challenge in mangrove crab export-fisheries in Madagascar. Our study aimed at assessing local stakeholders’ learning and participation in the processes of collaborative management of these fisheries through this transdisciplinary research. We first evaluated the technical and relational learning of 52 stakeholders who participated in the project’s regional working groups and/or the national workshop organized from 2020 to 2022. Then, in 2023, we interviewed 300 local SSF actors (fishers, buyers, and community leaders) within 77 focus groups (separated by occupation, age, and gender) in 12 coastal villages involved or not in the project activities. Their fishery knowledge, project participation, social network construction, and management perceptions were collected. The actors’ learning from the project workshops and village-based in situ activities was analyzed, as well as the transfer of knowledge to and from the local communities at the regional and national levels. The study highlights the best practices (e.g., fishery diagnostic co-production) and the challenges (e.g., limited diffusion within villages) of transdisciplinary approach associated with learning mechanisms at varying scales for operationalizing SSF co-management
Évaluation de la formation en gynécologie des médecins généralistes, sages-femmes et internes de médecine générale à la Réunion
No full textIntroduction: Reunion Island presents a particular healthcare situation in gynecology, yet the island has fewer gynecologists compared to Mainland, while access to general practitioners and midwives is better. Previous studies have shown that initial training in gynecology is insufficient to feel confident in practice. The aim of this study was to assess the gynecology competencies of healthcare professionals in Reunion Island to identify their shortcomings and propose an appropriate complementary training program.Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional quantitative study in Reunion Island by distributing a questionnaire to interested healthcare professionals. Participation was anonymous. Quantitative data were described using means and standard deviations, and qualitative data using percentages. To test for significant differences by profession, we performed an ANOVA for quantitative variables and a Chi2 test for qualitative variables.Results: A total of 132 volunteers were included in the study, most of whom had been trained in Reunion Island. The areas least mastered across all professions were the management of menopause, fertility disorders, and sexual health disorders. Significant differences were found between professions for certain topics; 47% of participants considered their initial training insufficient, and 90% expressed interest in pursuing additional training.Conclusion: The most of participating professionals considered their initial training in gynecology to be insufficient, the establishment of complementary gynecology training in Reunion Island therefore appears justified.Introduction : La Réunion présente une situation sanitaire en gynécologie particulière, or celle-ci est moins bien dotée en gynécologue qu’en Métropole avec un meilleur accès aux médecins généralistes et sage-femmes. Des études ont montré que la formation initiale en gynécologie n’était pas suffisante pour être à l’aise dans la pratique. L’objectif de cette étude était d’évaluer les compétences en gynécologie des professionnels à la Réunion pour identifier les besoins en vue de leur proposer une formation complémentaire adaptée.Méthode : Nous avons réalisé une étude quantitative transversale à la Réunion en diffusant un questionnaire aux différents professionnels intéressés. Le recueil était anonyme. Les données quantitatives étaient décrites en moyenne et écart-type et les qualitatives en pourcentage. Les données ont été comparées entre chaque groupe professionnel par un test ANOVA pour les données quantitatives et un test du Chi2 pour les données qualitatives.Résultats : Au total 132 volontaires ont répondu au questionnaire et été inclus dans l’étude, principalement former à la Réunion. Les motifs les moins maitrisés par tous les professionnels étaient la prise en charge de la ménopause, des troubles de la fertilité, des troubles de la sexualité. Il existait une différence significative selon la profession concernant certains motifs ; 47% des participants trouvaient leur formation initiale insuffisante, et 90% voulaient suivre une formation complémentaire.Conclusion : La majorité des professionnels inclus estimait que leur formation initiale en gynécologie était insuffisante, l’ouverture d’une formation complémentaire en gynécologie à la Réunion semble justifiée
Efficacy of a Slow‐Paced Breathwork Training for Primary School Teachers on Stress and Burnout Reduction
No full textInternational audienceTeaching has been ranked as one of the highest among stressful work settings, and chronic stress can lead to burnout. Therefore, specific interventions that can reduce teacher stress and burnout symptoms through improved stress management strategies are needed. Such initiatives are currently proposed through teacher training in the French national education system. This study aimed at assessing the efficacy of a coherence breathing programme on reduced stress and burnout, and improved emotional regulation, and class‐management self‐efficacy among primary school educators. To that end, a breathwork training was proposed to a total of 74 school teachers. They were assigned to either the experimental condition or the wait‐list control condition. The experimental group benefited from a coherence breathing training to incorporate it into their daily routine before class and with their students during class ( n = 46). All teachers were asked to complete online questionnaires before and 1 month after the training. The results revealed a notable decrease in perceived stress and burnout in the experimental group compared to the control group, particularly in terms of reduced emotional exhaustion. However, the effect on emotional regulation only showed a trend towards improved emotional regulation in the experimental group, and no significant effect was reported on classroom management self‐efficacy. Overall, these findings underscore the advantages of incorporating coherence breathing into teacher training initiatives to improve teachers' mental health
Diagnostiquer un problème de santé dans une colonie de Chiroptères : exemple d’une mortalité atypique de Petit Molosse de La Réunion, <i>Mormopterus francoismoutoui</i> Goodman, Jansen Van Vuuren, Ratrimomanarico, Probst & Bowie, 2008
No full textInternational audienceChiropteran diseases are poorly documented and their role in bat population decline is probably insufficiently considered. In this context, it is essential to have an early and multidisciplinary detection system for bat mortality. The SMAC network constitutes one of these surveillance tools and has been in effect since 2014 in France and since 2018 on Reunion Island. In January 2023, this network recorded an abnormal mortality of Reunion Free-tailed bats. Emergency investigations were initiated in order to quickly establish a diagnosis, assess the risks for bats and human populations and inform public decision-making regarding the management of this event. These investigations did not allow to conclude with certainty about the causes of this mortality but point to environmental stress. This example clearly illustrates the difficulties when investigating free-ranging wildlife.Les maladies des Chiroptères sont peu documentées et leur rôle dans le déclin des populations probablement insuffisamment pris en compte. Dans ce contexte, il est essentiel de disposer d’un système de détection et de diagnostic précoce et pluridisciplinaire de la mortalité chez les Chiroptères. Le réseau SMAC (Surveillance de la Mortalité anormale des Chiroptères), animé par l’Office français de la Biodiversité et basé sur l’implication des chiroptérologues sur le terrain, constitue l’un de ces outils de vigilance, depuis 2014 dans l’hexagone et depuis 2018 à La Réunion. En janvier 2023, ce réseau a enregistré une mortalité anormale de Petits Molosses de La Réunion Mormopterus francoismoutoui Goodman, Jansen Van Vuuren, Ratrimomanarico, Probst & Bowie, 2008. Des investigations d’urgence ont été mises en place afin d’établir rapidement un diagnostic, évaluer les risques pour la population de chauves-souris et les populations humaines, et éclairer la décision publique pour la gestion de cet évènement. Celles-ci n’ont pas permis de conclure avec certitude sur les causes de cette mortalité mais orientent vers un stress environnemental. Cet exemple illustre bien les difficultés propres aux investigations dans la faune sauvage en liberté
Impact of Static Var Compensator (SVC) on Voltage Stability and Power Losses in the N'Djamena Power Network
No full textInternational audienceThis study investigates the impact of a Static Var Compensator (SVC) on voltage stability enhancement and loss reduction in the N'Djamena distribution network, Chad. Using the NEPLAN software environment, a detailed model of the 32-node network was developed and power flow analyses were conducted using the Newton-Raphson method under both nominal (100%) and stressed (120%) loading conditions. The SVC, equipped with a Proportional-Integral (PI) control scheme and an operating range of -50 to +50 Mvar, was implemented for dynamic reactive power compensation. Simulation results demonstrate substantial performance improvements: voltage levels at critical nodes (NT30, N1T100, N2T100, N15LA) increased by up to 20.19 percentage points under maximum load conditions, while active power losses were reduced by up to 1.586 MW and reactive power losses by up to 3.677 Mvar. The findings quantitatively confirm that SVC implementation significantly enhances voltage stability margins and reduces technical losses in weak distribution networks. This research provides a validated framework for SVC integration in similar developing power systems and offers practical insights for utility planners seeking to improve grid performance while accommodating future renewable energy integration
Optimiser conjointement la santé des humains,des animaux, des plantes et des écosystèmes : comment concilier bénéfices et inconvénients ?
No full textInternational audienceLe cadre One Health, approuvé conjointement par l’Organisation mondiale de la Santé, l’Organisation mondiale de la Santé animale, l’Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’alimentation et l’agriculture, et le Programme des Nations unies pour l’environnement, est défini comme une « approche intégrée et unificatrice qui vise à équilibrer et à optimiser de manière durable la santé des personnes, des animaux et des écosystèmes », et fait explicitement référence à la santé des plantes comme faisant partie intégrante du système d’interdépendances à prendre en considération. Bien que la question ultime soit celle de l’habitabilité de la planète pour les humains, cette définition introduit un changement de perspective : la santé humaine n’est plus la seule priorité, mais doit être équilibrée et optimisée conjointement à la santé des animaux, des plantes et des écosystèmes. S’appuyant sur des études de cas et sur le rapport de l’IPBES (Plateforme intergouvernementale scientifique et politique sur la biodiversité et les services écosystémiques) sur les valeurs de la nature, cet article explore les implications d’une approche globale de la santé, ainsi que les questions éthiques et pratiques qu’elle soulève