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Environmental regulations and spillovers across ecosystems: Fisheries and forests protection in coastal Madagascar *
No full textPolicy analyses often treat ecosystems in isolation, overlooking the complex interconnections that define socio-ecological systems. However, conservation measures in one ecosystem may produce unintended spillover effects in another-a phenomenon that remains poorly understood. This dynamic could be particularly important in coastal regions, where one billion people live, many of whom rely on access to both fisheries and land resources for their livelihoods. In Madagascar, where agricultural expansion commonly occurs through forest conversion, we wonder if increasing the protection of one of these resources, fisheries, results in greater use and pressure on another resource, forests. We conducted a household survey of 1,120 households across 41 villages. The results show that spillovers between marine and terrestrial resources are likely to occur but that increasing the regulation of marine resources can have an ambiguous effect on deforestation. Next, we combine matching and difference-in-differences models to quantify the effect of creating 200 locally managed marine areas on deforestation across the entire country over 17 years. We find that spillovers do occur in terrestrial areas following the interventions and, on average, lead to a 68% increase in forest cover loss. This increase in deforestation is more pronounced in remote areas, in regions with greater baseline forest cover, and in places that receive less precipitation
Évaluer la durabilité des modes de gestion de l’eau par l’analyse institutionnelle et des capabilités : le cas de Mafate (La Réunion)
No full textInternational audienceThis article summarises the main findings of a thesis in urban and regional planning. Focusing on the evaluation of mountains and rural development policies of La Réunion, this work seeks to answer the following question: to what extent can the combination of institutional and capability approaches explain the resilience trajectories of socio-ecosystems in La Réunion? Through 3 case studies, the thesis seeks to qualify the impact of water management on the resilience of Mafate. By combining the theoretical and methodological contributions of Senand Ostrom’s work, it proposes an analysis of stakeholders’ territorial capabilities, in other words their real possibilities to adapt water management to changes in Mafate’s socioecosystems. The results show that it is impossible to improve water management in this territory, reducing its resilience and the protection of the population’s fundamental rights. This status quo is reinforced by 3 factors: a failure to take into account the significant risk of raw water for inhabitants and visitors; inhabitants’ water-management that cannot be officially recognised; unbalanced interactions and a situation of « over-study » in Mafate, undermining collaboration between public stackholders and inhabitants.Cet article synthétise les principaux résultats d'une thèse en urbanisme et aménagement du territoire. Centrée sur l'évaluation des politiques de développement des Hauts à La Réunion, elle s'attache à répondre à la question suivante : dans quelle mesure la combinaison des approches institutionnelles et des capabilités permet-elle d'expliquer les trajectoires de résilience des socio-écosystèmes de La Réunion ? A travers 3 études de cas, la thèse cherche à qualifier les impacts de la gestion de l'eau du cirque de Mafate sur sa résilience. En combinant les apports théoriques et méthodologiques des travaux de Sen et Ostrom, elle propose l'analyse des capabilités territoriales des acteurs, c'est-à-dire leurs possibilités réelles d'agir pour adapter la gestion de l'eau aux évolutions des socio-écosystèmes mafatais. Les résultats montrent une impossibilité d'améliorer la gestion de l'eau dans le cirque, diminuant sa capacité de résilience et la protection des droits fondamentaux des populations. Ce statu quo est renforcé par 3 facteurs : l'absence de prise en compte du risque manifeste de l'eau brute pour les habitants et visiteurs ; une gestion habitante ne pouvant pas être reconnue officiellement ; des interactions déséquilibrées et une situation de sur-étude (over-study) du cirque mettant à mal les collaborations entre acteurs publics et habitants.Understanding water management sustainability through capabilities and institutional analysis: the case of Mafate (La Réunion)</p
Assessment of Medication Therapy Management in Patients on Haemodialysis at the Yaoundé University Teaching Hospital, Cameroon
No full textInternational audienceIntroduction: Clinical pharmacy is a branch of pharmacy that is patient centred. It was born in the Western world and is well established in countries like USA, Canada, United Kingdom and France. In Cameroon, it was recently (2022) introduced in the medical training programme as a specialization in pharmacy. Its objectives include but are not limited to; the safe, effective and rational use of health products. Healthcare providers may prioritize which hospital services may require clinical pharmacists according to medical needs, budget and other constrains. Effective medication therapy management may result in reduced risk of drug interactions, adverse drug events and optimisation of drug therapy leading to lower health care costs. The organ which is most involved in the excretion of drugs and/or metabolites from the body is the kidney and patients with impaired kidney may be at risk of adverse drug reactions and drug interactions. Therefore, the haemodialysis unit was chosen to conduct this study to investigate medication therapy management in patients with end stage renal kidney disease at the Yaoundé University Teaching Hospital.Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in the haemodialysis unit at the Yaoundé University Teaching Hospital for a period of 8 months from October 2023 to May 2024. The study populations were patients with end-stage renal disease on haemodialysis and medical personnel following these patients. The study tools were questionnaires addressed to patients and medical personnel as well as data collection sheets. Administrative and research authorisations were obtained. Data collected were medical personnel’s knowledge and attitude towards medication therapy management, number of drugs prescribed per patient, therapeutic classes of drugs prescribed, patient medication-taking behaviour, non-prescription drugs and herbal remedies use. Data were analysed using the software Epi info 7.2.5.0 and interpreted as either low, medium or high risk of adverse drug reaction and/or drug interaction. Data were reported as frequencies (n) and percentages (%) and displayed using tables and figures.Results: 2 clinicians were recruited as those being involved in the drug therapy of patients; and 100 patients were recruited with a clinician to patient ratio of 2:100. One out of two clinicians had basic knowledge of medication therapy management and both had an unsatisfactory attitude towards medication therapy management.Risk of drug interaction was medium to high; 76% of patients were prescribed between 4-12 medications, 63% buy their medications from multiple pharmacies, 16% consume herbal medicines and 17% non-prescribed drugs. The risk of adverse drug reaction was low to medium. 23% of patients experienced hypotension, 33% were not taking their medications as prescribed and 54% were not reviewed for their medications routinely. Conclusion: This study showed that clinicians in the haemodialysis unit have basic knowledge of medication therapy management but are resistant to the input of another healthcare professional, without realising that this aspect of care falls within the clinical pharmacy services. Patients on haemodialysis with end stage renal disease have poor medication-taking habits, consume herbal medicines and non-prescription drugs which exposes them to medium to high risk of drug interactions and low to medium risk of adverse drug reactions. These risks can be further lowered by the counselling and management of the medications of these patients by a clinical pharmacist
Learning Wave Scattering Properties From Seismograms
No full textInternational audienceHeterogeneities in the Earth's crust scatter seismic waves at many scales, trapping seismic energy and producing coda waves that encode valuable information on geological structures. In regions such as volcanoes and fault systems, analyzing coda waves is essential for characterizing non-uniform subsurface heterogeneity, improving interpretation and seismic imaging. Here, we apply unsupervised learning to infer properties directly from seismograms. We simulate 7,800 source-receiver seismograms within a realistic physics-based volcanic model of a magmatic plumbing system with complex interactions between dykes and sills. Recent studies suggest that the spectral characteristics of these synthetic seismograms are controlled by the partial resonance of multiply scattered waves. We leverage a deep scattering transform to extract robust, timeinvariant representations of seismograms recorded with multiple stations, and use a manifold learning algorithm to visualize and analyze patterns in the scattering coefficients. By examining the connections in the embedded manifold, we reveal how local medium complexity influences recorded wavefields. Our results demonstrate that the proposed method effectively captures local resonant frequency and modulation induced by heterogeneous structures near the sources. We show that the statistical properties of the medium align with the estimated local complexities derived from seismic signals. By analyzing complete seismograms in a data-driven way, our method enhances subsurface heterogeneity characterization and offers a promising approach for improving the space-time monitoring in highly heterogeneous regions
How does an exotic invasive insect pest impact island-endemic tree species?
No full textContext: Forests worldwide are increasingly impacted by insect outbreaks, yet the mechanisms linking defoliation to tree mortality remain poorly quantified.Island ecosystems are particularly vulnerable, as endemic species often lack coevolved defences. On Réunion Island, the invasive psyllid Acizzia uncatoides has triggered severe defoliation of the endemic tree Acacia heterophylla.Questions: We ask how insect-driven defoliation influences the survival probability of A. heterophylla. Specifically, we test whether higher defoliation increases mortality risk and whether tree size and habitat modulate this effect.We also aim to quantify mortality risk over time under different combinations 1 of covariates. These questions address both ecological vulnerability and applied management concerns.Methods: We established and monitored eight permanent plots across two major habitats (mountain forest and subalpine vegetation) between 2018 and 2021. All trees were tagged, with repeated measurements of diameter, defoliation, and survival status. We applied a discrete-time Bayesian survival model to estimate survival probabilities. Predictions were generated across gradients of defoliation, tree size, and time, stratified by habitat.Results: Defoliation strongly increased tree mortality. Larger trees exhibited higher mortality risk than smaller ones, even under similar defoliation levels.Habitat also shaped outcomes: mortality rates were higher in the mountain forest than in the subalpine vegetation, after accounting for size and defoliation.Impact: This study provides additional evidence that exotic invasive insectdriven defoliation can rapidly increase mortality in endemic vegetation, highlighting the need for coordinated management and conservation strategies. Its insights can guide practices such as optimising monitoring frequency, refining the timing and scheduling of sanitary thinning, and supporting decisions on releasing a biological control agent.</p
Investigation of Dipeptidyl Peptidase 3 as a Heart Failure Inhibitor Target Using Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamics, and ADMET Predictions
No full textInternational audienceHeart failure (HF) remains a leading cause of global mortality, driving the search for novel therapeutic targets. Dipeptidyl Peptidase 3 (DPP3), a zinc dependent aminopeptidase, disrupts cardiovascular homeostasis by degrading angiotensin peptides and has emerged as a promising candidate. This study employed an integrated computational approach to investigate DPP3 inhibition. High-throughput virtual screening and molecular docking identified two compounds, Cmpd 1 and Cmpd 2, with high predicted binding affinity (-9.5 kcal/mol and -8.7 kcal/mol, respectively). Subsequent 100 ns molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated stable complex formation, with protein backbone RMSD values below 2.1 Å. Pharmacokinetic and toxicity profiling indicated favorable drug-like properties for both compounds. Our findings suggest these ligands are promising starting points for developing DPP3 inhibitors for heart failure treatment
Evaluation of Panbio TM COVID-19 Ag Rapid Test as a Point of Care for Triage of Symptomatic Patients at the Entry Points of a Public Hospital in Gabon
No full textInternational audienceAims: Rapid antigen testing plays a crucial role in COVID-19 triage, particularly in settings where access to molecular diagnostics is limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the PanbioTM COVID-19 Ag Rapid Diagnostic Test in symptomatic patients for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection using RT-PCR as a reference technique in Gabon.Study Design: A cross-sectional incongruence study.Place and Duration of Study: Patients: Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d’Owendofrom February to June 2021.Methodology: Symptomatic patients aged 6 to 75 years old, presenting within six days of symptom onset were consecutively enrolled. Two nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from each participant: one was tested using the PanbioTM COVID-19 Rapid Diagnostic Test, and the second was analyzed by RT-PCR (Sansure Biotech) as the reference method. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, as well as likelihood ratios, were calculated to assess the diagnostic performance of the PanbioTM RDT compared with RT-PCR.Results: Overall, 431 patients were included: 33.6% (n=145) tested positive by RT-PCR and by PanbioTMCOVID-19 Ag RDT (P=.9). The sensitivity of the test was 95.2% [90-98] and the specificity was 97.5% [95-99]. PanbioTMCOVID-19 Ag RDT showed a Sensitivity of 95.5% [90-98] among the participants with mild COVID-19 form while it was 90.9% [62.7-98.5] in those with moderate to severe form (P=.03).Conclusion: PanbioTM COVID-19 Ag RDT kit met the WHO cut-off standards for patients screening for COVID-19 when compared to the RT-PCR reference methods. This test is a good alternative for the screening, rapid clinical management of suspected COVID-19 patients. Future studies are needed to assess its diagnostic performance in asymptomatic individuals, who constitute an important reservoir for SARS-CoV-2 transmission
L’esistenza umana tra ermeneutica foudaiana e progetto transumanista
No full textDieser Artikel analysiert die Konfrontation zwischen dem hermeneutischen Denken von Basile Juléat Fouda und dem transhumanistischen Projekt, zwei unvereinbaren Sichtweisen der menschlichen Existenz. Der Transhumanismus, getragen von den NBIC-Wissenschaften und der Ideologie der Leistung, betrachtet den Menschen als ein zu optimierendes Programm, ausgerichtet auf kognitive Steigerung, Lebensverlängerung und die Abschaffung des Todes. Diese technowissenschaftliche Logik, verführerisch durch ihre Versprechen, offenbart jedoch wesentliche Sackgassen: die Reduktion des Menschen auf seine biologischen Funktionen, die Auslöschung der Transzendenz, die Bedrohung der Würde und die kulturelle Vereinheitlichung. Im Gegensatz dazu schlägt Fouda eine afrikanische Hermeneutik der Existenz vor, die den Menschen als ein Sinnwesen betrachtet, verwurzelt in der Kultur und offen für Gott. Sein Konzept des ontologischen Pankalismus bekräftigt die universelle Schönheit der Existenz und die kosmische Harmonie der Wesen. Der Begriff der Vitalisierung drückt den geistigen Sieg des Lebens über den Tod aus: nicht die Aufhebung der biologischen Endlichkeit, sondern die ontologische und spirituelle Wiedergeburt. Die menschliche Existenz wird somit als eine Ästhetik der Wiedergeburt verstanden, in der Individuelles und Kollektives, Menschliches und Kosmisches in einer lebendigen Harmonie verflochten sind. In diesem Sinne stellt Foudas hermeneutischer Humanismus eine entscheidende Alternative zu den Abwegen des Transhumanismus dar, indem er die Würde, die Transzendenz und die ästhetische Berufung des Menschen bekräftigt.This article examines the confrontation between Basile Juléat Fouda’s hermeneutical thought and the transhumanist project, two radically opposed visions of human existence. Transhumanism, driven by NBIC sciences and the ideology of performance, conceives man as a program to be optimized, oriented toward cognitive enhancement, life extension, and the suppression of biological limits. While attractive for its promises, this technoscientific logic reveals major shortcomings: the reduction of man to biological functions, the evacuation of transcendence, threats to human dignity, and cultural uniformity. In contrast, Fouda proposes an African hermeneutics of existence, which considers man as a being of meaning, rooted in culture and open to God. His concept of ontological pancalism affirms the universal beauty of existence and the cosmic harmony of beings. The notion of vitalization expresses the spiritual victory of life over death: it is not the suppression of biological finitude, but an ontological and spiritual rebirth. Human existence is thus understood as an aesthetics of rebirth, where the individual and the collective, the human and the cosmos, intertwine in a living harmony. In this sense, Fouda’s hermeneutical humanism constitutes a decisive alternative to the excesses of transhumanism, reaffirming human dignity, transcendence, and the aesthetic vocation of man.Este artículo analiza la confrontación entre el pensamiento hermenéutico de Basile Juléat Fouda y el proyecto transhumanista, dos visiones irreductibles de la existencia humana. El transhumanismo, impulsado por las ciencias NBIC y la ideología del rendimiento, concibe al hombre como un programa a optimizar, orientado hacia el aumento cognitivo, la prolongación de la vida y la erradicación de la muerte. Sin embargo, esta lógica tecnocientífica, seductora por sus promesas, revela importantes callejones sin salida: reducción del hombre a sus funciones biológicas, eliminación de la trascendencia, amenaza para la dignidad y uniformización cultural. En cambio, Fouda propone una hermenéutica africana de la existencia, que considera al hombre como un ser de sentido, enraizado en la cultura y abierto a Dios. Su concepto de pancalismo ontológico afirma la belleza universal de la existencia y la armonía cósmica de los seres. La noción de vitalización expresa la victoria espiritual de la vida sobre la muerte: no es supresión de la finitud biológica, sino renacimiento ontológico y espiritual. La existencia humana se entiende así como una estética del renacimiento, donde lo individual y lo colectivo, lo humano y el cosmos, se entrelazan en una armonía viviente. En este sentido, el humanismo hermenéutico de Fouda constituye una alternativa decisiva a las derivas del transhumanismo, reafirmando la dignidad, la trascendencia y la vocación estética del hombre.Cet article analyse la confrontation entre la pensée herméneutique de Basile Juléat Fouda et le projet transhumaniste, deux visions irréductibles de l’existence humaine. Le transhumanisme, porté par les sciences NBIC et l’idéologie de la performance, conçoit l’homme comme un programme à optimiser, orienté vers l’augmentation cognitive, la prolongation de la vie et l’éradication de la mort. Cette logique technoscientifique, séduisante par ses promesses, révèle cependant des impasses majeures : réduction de l’homme à ses fonctions biologiques, évacuation de la transcendance, menace pour la dignité et uniformisation culturelle. À l’inverse, Fouda propose une herméneutique africaine de l’existence, qui considère l’homme comme un être de sens, enraciné dans la culture et ouvert à Dieu. Son concept de pancalisme ontologique affirme la beauté universelle de l’existence et l’harmonie cosmique des êtres. La notion de vitalisation exprime la victoire spirituelle de la vie sur la mort : elle n’est pas suppression de la finitude biologique, mais renaissance ontologique et spirituelle. L’existence humaine se comprend ainsi comme une esthétique de la renaissance, où l’individuel et le collectif, l’humain et le cosmos, s’entrelacent dans une harmonie vivante. En ce sens, l’humanisme herméneutique de Fouda constitue une alternative décisive aux dérives du transhumanisme, en réaffirmant la dignité, la transcendance et la vocation esthétique de l’homme.Questo articolo analizza il confronto tra il pensiero ermeneutico di Basile Juléat Fouda e il progetto transumanista, due visioni irriducibili dell’esistenza umana. Il transumanesimo, sostenuto dalle scienze NBIC e dall’ideologia della performance, concepisce l’uomo come un programma da ottimizzare, orientato all’aumento cognitivo, al prolungamento della vita e all’eliminazione della morte. Questa logica tecno-scientifica, seducente per le sue promesse, rivela tuttavia impasse fondamentali: riduzione dell’uomo alle sue funzioni biologiche, eliminazione della trascendenza, minaccia alla dignità e uniformazione culturale. Al contrario, Fouda propone un’ermeneutica africana dell’esistenza, che considera l’uomo come un essere di senso, radicato nella cultura e aperto a Dio. Il suo concetto di pancalismo ontologico afferma la bellezza universale dell’esistenza e l’armonia cosmica degli esseri. La nozione di vitalizzazione esprime la vittoria spirituale della vita sulla morte: non soppressione della finitudine biologica, ma rinascita ontologica e spirituale. L’esistenza umana si comprende così come un’estetica della rinascita, dove l’individuale e il collettivo, l’umano e il cosmo, si intrecciano in un’armonia vivente. In questo senso, l’umanesimo ermeneutico di Fouda costituisce un’alternativa decisiva alle derive del transumanesimo, riaffermando la dignità, la trascendenza e la vocazione estetica dell’uomo
Geodynamo Simulation Explorer: a filterable and visualisable catalogue to explore geodynamo simulations
No full textWe present a new web tool, Geodynamo Simulation Explorer, to survey available published simulations of rapidly rotating spherical dynamos.With numerical codes and computers being increasingly efficient, recent years have seen a surge in the number of publications presenting such computations.Our tool comes as an interactive catalogue that allows exploring existing dynamos with respect to input and output dimensionless parameters, choosing from various dynamo setups (e.g. choice of boundary conditions, couplings at play, etc.), with the possibility to test scaling laws on a filtered set of simulations. It also links each dynamo to its associated publication and possibly to online datasets.Thought of as a collaborative and scalable initiative, the web interface allows uploading new simulation metadata.The whole interface, displayed as a website, is designed for the community to have a better overview while driving transparency, open-source initiatives, and FAIR principles (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable).Check it out and feed it at https://geodyn.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr/explorer/
