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Heritability of cumulative mastitis events across productive life in Austrian Fleckvieh cows
No full textInternational audienceResilience and resistance to diseases are important breeding objectives to enhance longevity in dairy cows. In this study, we estimated heritability (h2) and genetic correlation (ra) of cumulative mastitis events recorded by veterinarians during the lifetime of 18,404 Austrian Fleckvieh cows. Acute (AM) and chronic (CM) mastitis diagnoses were available to count cumulative lifetime events for each cow. As per Austrian legislation, mastitis events refer to clinical forms needing a pharmaceutical treatment officially registered and CM diagnosis can rely on cow’s history, e.g., somatic cell count. Genetic parameters were estimated using a linear animal model with 185,948 animals in the pedigree. Cumulative AM and CM ranged from 0 to 8 and 0 to 7 and their h2 was 0.09±0.01 and 0.01±0.00. The ra with milk yield was -0.10±0.05 for AM and -0.34±0.10 for CM. Results suggest that susceptibility to mastitis is heritable and that cumulative AM may be an additional proxy to drive selection towards more resistant animals
Evaluation environnementale par analyse de cycle de vie de procédés de fabrication de formules infantiles
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Nitrodefense : When low nitrogen status improves apple response to plant resistance inducers.
No full textInternational audiencePlant Resistance Inducers (PRIs) can elicit the plant immune system and serve as a lever to reduce the use of pesticides. Under controlled conditions, PRIs may significantly control pests, but in the field, their efficiency is much more uncertain. Indeed, the efficiency of plant immune system elicitation highly depends on the plant's physiological status. Nitrogen is one of the most important nutrients for plant growth and is widely used in agricultural production. While the effect of nitrogen limitation on disease susceptibility is inconsistent according to plant species and pathogens, several studies have shown that plant nitrogen limitation induces secondary metabolic pathways also involved in biotic stress responses, such as the phenylpropanoids biosynthesis pathway. In this context, this study focuses on the effect of the combination of low nitrogen status and acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) treatments on apple plants (Malus domestica). ASM is a salicylic acid analog and, therefore, induces numerous plant defense responses. Our research hypothesis is that nitrogen limitation could improve ASM efficiency against two phytopathogenic microorganisms, bacteria Erwinia amylovora (fire blight), and fungi Venturia inaequalis (apple scab), by an increased, diversified, and/or persistent plant response to stimulation. To test this hypothesis, apple seedlings were grown in greenhouses under contrasting N regimes obtained by sub-irrigation with continuous sufficient nitrate fertilization or transient limitation. Plants were then treated or not with ASM 48h before N resupply or 24h after. Two days after treatment, young leaves were inoculated with Erwinia amylovora or Venturia inaequalis, and disease symptoms were recorded. Results show a clear relationship between plant nitrogen status and ASM efficiency, with N-limited plants treated with ASM exhibiting a 2 or 3-fold higher level of protection than the control plants against fire blight or apple scab, respectively. The relative expression level of 29 well-known defense genes usually responding to ASM treatment (qPCR analysis) could not explain these differences. Therefore, transcriptomic and metabolomic (primary and secondary metabolites) analyses have been undertaken to explain the strong protection phenotype obtained for ASM x N-limited plants. Omics results will be presented and discussed regarding the different ASM-protection phenotypes observed
Rethinking sustainability of marine fisheries for a fast-changing planet
No full textInternational audienceMany seafood products marketed as "sustainable" are not. More exacting sustainability standards are needed to respond to a fast-changing world and support United Nations SDGs. Future fisheries must operate on principles that minimise impacts on marine life, adapt to climate change and allow regeneration of depleted biodiversity, while supporting and enhancing the health, wellbeing and resilience of people and communities. We set out 11 actions to achieve these goals.Healthy oceans are critical for nature, human wellbeing and planetary stability. Marine life, including exploited species, are essential to that health, driving biological, chemical and physical processes integral to ecosystem functioning and services to people 1,2 . Yet most countries are failing to meet targets under the Paris Agreement, the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for poverty reduction, zero hunger and adequate nutrition, climate action, reduced inequalities, environmental and ocean protection 3 , as well as the Global Biodiversity Framework 4 . To meet these global aspirations, we must move beyond business as usual, reimagine sustainability standards for fishing that will be resilient and adaptable in the face of rapid global change, and develop creative ways to implement them.Marine fish contribute significantly to global food and nutritional security, particularly through subsistence, artisanal and commercial small-scale fisheries and in the Global South 5 . The healthier nutritional profile of seafood versus terrestrial animal foods has led to increased promotion of seafood 6 with the global rate of its consumption continuing to outpace that of human population growth 5 and projected to nearly double by 2050 7 . Today, wild seafood is sourced through an extraordinary diversity of socialecological systems that operate from coastal habitats through to the open ocean and target a plethora of animals and plants 8 . Managing fisheries more sustainably is a global imperative given the increasing numbers of people living in hunger 9 .Many of the world's fish populations remain overfished and in decline 5,10 , despite improvements in fisheries management and fishing practices for some species and in some countries 11 . Numerous fishing companies operate in ways that generate wide environmental impacts on.</p
How to take welfare into account in a multi-criteria assessment of new breeding practices or systems
No full textSeul le premier et dernier auteur sont mentionnés dans le résumé publié.International audienceWhile society’s demand for welfare is an essential factor in the choices made by farmers to develop their farms and practices, it is hampered by a lack of knowledge about the possible deterioration in other aspects of livestock performance. A multi-criteria evaluation tool, Multiporc, is being developed to address this issue for pig producers in France. It focuses on five dimensions: economic, environmental, health, labour and animal welfare, evaluated for ten levers for improving the welfare of pigs on the farm: stopping or reducing the duration of sow restraint, type offloor and surface area per animal, openness of buildings, stopping tail docking on a variable proportion of the animals on the farm…. For most of the levers, we do not have references for an overall assessment of animal welfare. We have therefore developed an approach based on expert opinion by bringing together 13 researchers, zootechnicians, vets and technicians specialising in the field of welfare. They come from agricultural research and/or development (INRAE, Institut Agro, Chambers of Agriculture, IFIP), producers groups (Terrena, Cooperl, Eureden, Parc Armor Evolution) or quality audit departments (Kermené). Initially, for each of the levers, we identified which aspects of welfare were concerned and to what extent they could be affected, based on the list of indicators proposed in the EFSA report on pig welfare (2022). We thus identified a list of indicators for each lever, grouped according to the four principles set out in Welfare Quality® and BEEP (French welfare assessment tool for growers and finishers) : proper feeding and watering, quality of housing, good health, appropriate behaviour. Secondly, we asked participants to rate the impact of each lever on the selected indicators by means of a survey questionnaire, indicating whether the leverimproved or worsened welfare for that indicator (respectively with scores of + to +++ or — to -) or whether it had no effect. The results were analysed and discussed in a plenary session to reach a consensus, with comments where appropriate. All the information will be integrated into a web tool that will make it easy to visualise the benefits or points of vigilance around the implementation of the levers considered
Biodiversité et capacité d’accueil trophique : évolution temporelle dans l’estuaire de la Loire & recommandations pour préserver les zones de nourricerie (BioTroL)
No full textLes zones estuariennes et côtières sont sous pressions locales (activités portuaires, dragages, aménagements, contaminations chimiques) et globales (diminution des débits fluviaux pourvoyeurs de nutriments, augmentation de la température et du niveau des eaux). Ces pressions font courir à terme un impact sur leur biodiversité et, par conséquent, sur leur potentiel de résilience aux perturbations. Les fonctions écologiques peuvent en être affectées, particulièrement le renouvellement des populations marines à travers la fonction de nourricerie de ces zones. Ces dernières sont essentielles pour les stades juvéniles de nombreuses espèces d’invertébrés et de poissons dont certaines sont exploitées par pêche. C’est le cas notamment d'espèces bentho-démersales dont l’écologie alimentaire est étroitement liée aux communautés benthiques hébergées
Modeling and predicting earthworm diversity and distribution in France: a comparative approach using multiple algorithms
No full textVoir l'annonce du congrès : https://www.uct.ac.za/events/icsz-ica-conference-2024International audienceEarthworms, as crucial ecosystem engineers, contribute significantly to various soil functions and ecosystem services such as water regulation, nutrient dynamics, and biomass production. Recognized as sensitive indicators of soil health, their conservation is pivotal for maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem stability. However, the factors influencing their biogeography and community composition are still not well understood. Our study aimed to assess and compare the effectiveness of five modeling algorithms in predicting three key earthworm community parameters: total abundance, total biomass, and taxonomic richness in France. We utilized the LandWorm database (FRB 2023-2025), which primarily contains data on earthworm communities across mainland France. To enhance our analysis, we integrated environmental variables from additional databases related to climate (temperature, rainfall…) and soil properties (texture, carbon, pH…). The algorithms we evaluated included Generalized Linear Models (GLM), Generalized Additive Models (GAM), Random Forest (RF), Generalized Boosted Models (GBM), and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). This comparative approach allows us to determine the most effective model for predicting each parameter. Our results highlight that the Random Forest model performed best for predicting earthworm abundance, achieving the highest R² of 0.48 with a RMSE of 18 individuals/m². Similarly, for taxonomic richness, the Random Forest model yielded the best R² of 0.55 with a RMSE of 1.8 taxa. This research not only advances our understanding of earthworm community distribution but also supports the design of targeted conservation strategies, ensuring the protection and sustainability of vital soil functions. By highlighting the effectiveness of diverse modeling algorithms, this study contributes to the broader field of soil biodiversity assessments and the strategic planning of land use and environmental conservation initiatives
Simulation of canopy air temperature control in closed greenhouses modeled using coupled elliptic models
No full textInternational audienceThe microclimate that exists within the canopy and on the surface of plants can significantly impact both epidemiology of pathogens and the physiological functions of plants. Using the heat transfer theory and taking into account the canopy as a porous media, a coupled elliptic model in one-dimensional was carried out for a control objective to depict crop temperature and the air canopy. Existence and uniqueness of canopy air temperature optimal control were investigated. The finite difference scheme was used to derive the numerical model. Simulations were performed to assess the ability of the control to maintain canopy air temperature close to prescribed values with acceptable mean error for the apportionments of the two plants species in the considered greenhouse
Projet NUTRIG - Impact de la combinaison des aliments d’un repas sur la libération des Nutriments et l’Index Glycémique
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Innovative beef protein co-products to substitute gelatine as gelling agents, and sodium caseinate as emulsifiers: Determination of optimal conditions using the response surface methodology (RSM)
No full textInternational audienceMeat co-products are a promising alternative for meeting the increasing demand for protein, especially for the formulation of meat products. The present study aims to determine the optimal conditions under which two innovative bovine co-products, resulting from the fat rendering process, can mimic the gelling and emulsifying properties of commercial gelatines and sodium caseinate (NaCas), respectively, using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The desirability function was used to determine the values for protein concentration, pH and NaCl content that enable the two co-products to effectively mimic gelatine and NaCas. The co-product obtained from water recovered during the fat rendering process proved to be the most suitable to mimic commercial gelatines. Very high desirability scores were obtained with this ingredient on 4 criteria out of 7, and a high overall score as well, provided 90 g/L protein was used to mimic a 50 g/L gelatine 150 Bloom. Both co-products appeared as effective alternatives to NaCas as emulsifiers, especially regarding their capacity in stabilizing emulsions. The co-product made of greasy greaves can be even regarded as more effective than NaCas, as less proteins are needed to obtain the same performances (110 g/L vs 125 g/L, respectively)