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Comparative analysis of energy and nutrient flows in two agri-food systems in Brittany
No full text10.17180/j9xc-fs91International audienc
Life cycle inventories and life cycle impact assessment datasets of a classic processing route for the manufacture of infant milk formula powder and of a low-heat alternative route involving the substitution of pasteurization by microfiltration
No full textInternational audienceInfant milk formulas are industrial substitutes to human milk, used when breastfeeding is neither possible nor desirable. They are manufactured using successive additions of dry ingredients and oils to skim bovine milk, blending, pasteurization, homogenization, concentration by vacuum evaporation and spray-drying. However, successive heat loads are detrimental to the proteins’ nutritional quality of the final product. An alternative processing route has been proposed that replaces the first pasteurization step at 85°C by a microfiltration step at 50°C, i.e. below the heat-denaturation temperature of milk proteins. This data paper provides extensive description of the two processing routes at a semi-industrial scale, using measurements, calculations of the material and energy balances, expert say information, or proxies collected at UMR STLO in the period 2020-2024 and organized into life cycle inventories of all the data required for modelling. This dataset further provides the potential environmental impacts of 1 kg of the classic infant milk powder, as well as of 1 kg of infant milk powder produced using low-heat processing route as an alternative product. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) standard method was used, with the CML-IA, ReCiPe 2016, Impact World+, LC-Impact or EF3.0 characterization methods and a dry matter allocation rule for the skimming operation. The dataset further provides variations of the inventories and environmental impact assessments to evaluate the sensitivity of the results to the formula’s dry matter content prior to spray-drying or to the liquid versus dry state of the whey ingredient involved in the formula. The dataset participates in providing LCI of industrial food processes to the public. It will also be helpful for eco-designing classic or innovative processing routes for the manufacture of environmentally sustainable infant milk powders
Life cycle assessment of a semi-industrial infant milk formula powder and of a low-heat alternative process involving membrane filtration
No full textInternational audienceInfant formulas provide the necessary nutrients to infants aged 0–6 months whenever breastfeeding is restrained. Their production must balance nutritional quality, environmental sustainability and economic profitability in the manufacturing process. Traditional heat treatment processes, such as pasteurization, ensure microbiological safety but lead to protein denaturation and Maillard reaction, thereby diminishing the nutritional quality of the product. New processes involve low-heat sanitation using membrane microfiltration to also maintain protein quality. Life Cycle Assessment was used to compare the potential environmental impacts of the production of infant formula powder via the classic route (using pasteurization) or the alternative route (using microfiltration) at a semi-industrial scale. No matter the sanitation procedure, the production of milk and oil ingredients exhibited the largest contribution to impacts, followed by evaporation and spray-drying, i.e. unit operations with energy-consuming water evaporation. Closer insight on sanitation operations revealed that while pasteurization and microfiltration are comparable across various impact categories, microfiltration demands significant water and detergent for cleaning, whereas pasteurization is energy-intensive during its steady-state phase. Although energy consumption is reduced, 1 kg of infant formula produced through the alternative route emits 11.1 kg of CO2 equivalent, against 10.4 for the classic route. The higher impact of the alternative route on climate change, as well as on other agriculture-related impact categories, is primarily attributed to the increased demand for skim milk to implement microfiltration. Sensitivity analyses revealed strategies to reduce infant formula's environmental impacts, such as using liquid ingredients to avoid drying or increasing pre-evaporation dry matter to save energy
Biotic homogenisation in urban grasslands: which bird and plant species and traits are selected in urban contexts?
No full textInternational audienceUrbanisation is a key driver of biodiversity loss at local and global scales and results in biotic homogenisation of urban-dwelling plant and animal communities. Identifying the species and traits selected in urban contexts can provide valuable insights to underlying mechanisms. Although species and trait distributions are relatively well known at city scale, fewer studies have focused on single habitats or have simultaneously sampled for animals and plants. Our aim was to analyse variation in species richness and in community composition of both species and traits in response to landscape context. Along an urban-rural gradient of two cities of western France, we sampled plant and bird communities in ordinary, mesophilic grasslands, which occupy large areas with lesser-known effects on biodiversity. Grassland sites were selected in landscapes with varying proportion of built land, herbaceous cover and residential gardens. Even within this relatively homogeneous habitat type, we found strong selection of both bird and plant traits in response to landscape composition, the degree of urbanisation being the most important driver of community composition. An increasing proportion of gardens in the site neighbourhood also significantly influenced species richness (positively, for plants only) and composition (for both taxa). Grasslands in the urban contexts we studied were subject to specific forms of taxonomic and trait-based biotic homogenisation as compared with other habitat types. Such insights should contribute, together with consideration of local management practices and habitat complementarity between grasslands and other habitats, to appropriate integration and management of grassland habitats at both site and neighbourhood levels
Validation of the maps resulting from the application of the Cookbooks elaborated by WP3, and of EU products elaborated by WP5
No full textThe internal EJP SOIL project SERENA contributed to the evaluation of soil multifunctionality aiming at providing assessment tools for land planning and soil policies at different scales. By co-working with relevant stakeholders, the project provided co-developed indicators and associated cookbooks to assess and map them, to report both on soil degradation, soil-based ecosystem services and their bundles, under actual conditions and for climate and land-use changes, at the regional, national, and European scales. This report is part of the EJP SOIL SERENA project. It presents the way some stakeholders have been involved in the project to validate mapping products of soil-based ecosystem services and soil threats, at both the national and EU scales. At national scale, the maps have been produced by some harmonised cookbooks. The cookbooks are first presented and their concern: as far as soil threats are concerned, and as far as soil-based ecosystem services are concerned. A cookbook for an evaluation of bundles is also presented. The list of countries which have evaluated the different products is then precised. The results of the evaluation by stakeholders are commented all together, without any relation to a specific country. They demonstrate that the results are more likely understood by scientists than by policy makers or farmers. For the latter, the scale of the maps are not relevant with their own interest. The maps of erosion, SOC loss and soil sealing seem to be more easily understood by the stakeholder that the GHG regulation, and the bundles, with which stakeholders are not familiar. At the EU scale, the evaluation has been conducted during a webinar organised by EJP-Soil WP8 (Science to Policy), and only the bundles of either soil threats or soil-based ecosystem services have been evaluated. The stakeholders were usually interested in the approach, acknowledged the results, but the latter sometimes appeared far from the actions they could develop to protect soils
Concevoir et évaluer des systèmes d'élevages favorables à la biodiversité : exemple d'un projet d'étudiant(e)s
No full textElevages herbivores : les apports de la biodiversité, des sols aux territoires.Le développement des pratiques agroécologiques est une nécessité pour, d’une part adapter les systèmes agri-alimentaires au changement climatique et à ses aléas et, d’autre part, atténuer leurs impacts environnementaux. La biodiversité est identifiée comme un facteur clé pour la durabilité des systèmes d’élevage dans leurs écosystèmes environnementaux, couplant la diversité génétique des espèces domestiques à celle des espèces sauvages. Ce numéro présente des résultats sur la biodiversité domestique en élevage herbivores et la biodiversité environnementale impactée et mobilisée, depuis l’échelle des sols jusqu’à celle des territoires.National audienceThe article presents a project carried out at Institut Agro Rennes Angers for agronomy engineeringstudents and second-year master’s students specializing in animal production. The 24-hour pedagogicalframework aimed at designing resilient and acceptable livestock systems that promote biodiversity. Theobjective was to develop skills in systemic analysis and multicriteria assessment through collaborativework. The students used LEGO® to model livestock systems and evaluate transformation scenarios for amixed farming operation in the Rennes region. Two scenarios were proposed and assessed using a gridcreated by the students. The results show that the scenarios strengthen the connection between societyand biodiversity. The feedback from teachers highlights the importance of project-based learning and theneed to adapt teaching to students' profile.L'article présente un projet réalisé à l'Institut Agro Rennes Angers pour des élèves ingénieurs agronomes et master 2 en productions animales. Le dispositif pédagogique réalisé sur 24h vise à concevoir des systèmes d'élevage résilients, acceptables et qui favorisent la biodiversité. L'objectif était de développer des compétences en analyse systémique et pour l'évaluation multicritères grâce à un projet collaboratif. Les étudiants ont utilisé des LEGO® pour modéliser des systèmes d'élevage et définir les transformations d'une ferme polyculture-élevage située dans le bassin rennais. Deux scénarios ont été proposés et évalués grâce à une grille créée par les étudiant(e)s. Les résultats montrent un renforcement des liens avec la société et de la biodiversité. Le retour d'expérience des enseignantes souligne l'importance de l'apprentissage par projet et la nécessité d'adapter l'enseignement aux profils des étudiants
Microfluidic investigation of fouling mechanisms in falling-film evaporators
No full textInternational audienceUnderstanding fouling formation and preventing its consequences is of paramount importance in dairy industry in order to improve the efficiency of unit operations and the quality of the products. To date, most of the studies focused on the fouling dynamics considered the case study of heat exchangers, leading often to controversial even diametrically opposite results based on the off-line analysis of the deposits. Conversely, the fouling mechanisms have been rarely explored in falling film evaporators (FFE) despite their systematic use in the processing scheme of dairy powders. Moreover, their use in the production of high added value and sensitive products (e.g., infant milk formula) and the need to master water evaporation at this stage for environmental considerations make the understanding of FFE fouling even more crucial nowadays.In a previous work, we showed using an original rheometry approach that the initiation of the fouling of dairy products was not exclusively linked to protein thermal unfolding above the critical denaturation temperature, but was also based on the high shear rates in the vicinity to the equipment walls. Encouraged by these results, we performed here a direct observation at the microscale of the fouling growth by dairy mixes in a channel using microfluidic devices. The aim was to replicate the typical environmental and flow conditions of FFE in miniaturized models, providing direct in situ observations. Our results allow us to discriminate the mechanisms governing protein aggregation in the bulk solution and those occurring at the surface and leading to growing deposits
Impact of infant nutrition on gut and brain nitrogenous metabolomes: comparison of human milk and infant formula feeding in the minipiglet model
No full textInternational audienceThe effect of infant nutrition on the metabolism of different body compartments is poorly described. Hence, the present study aimed to characterize the effect of human milk (HM) vs. infant formula (IF) feeding on metabolic mediators in key samples crucial for metabolic activity through the gut-brain axis during infant development, using the minipiglet as a human infant model.Eighteen 19-day-old piglets were fed HM or IF for six days. Thirty min after the last meal, colonic digesta, blood plasma, liver and six regions of the brain were sampled. Profiles of 45 metabolites (including proteinous amino acids, tryptophan (Trp) metabolites, polyamines, neurotransmitters) were determined using a targeted liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry approach.Metabolic signatures of key organs involved in the gut-brain signal exchange were diet-dependent. The main dietary-induced differences in metabolite content occurred in the hippocampus (77% of the targeted metabolites quantified), plasma (47%), brainstem (17%), and colonic digesta (16%). These differences concerned Trp, Trp-derived metabolites, polyamines, some proteinous amino acids and neurotransmitters. Tryptophan was preferentially metabolized towards the kynurenine pathway in the colon and the hippocampus of HM-fed piglets. Differences in brain amino acid levels were associated with different brain polyamine and neurotransmitter contents in the hippocampus and, to a lower extent, in the other brain regions. Significant (P<0.05) correlations with specific bacterial genera and gene expressions were found. In the colon, Trp-derived metabolites such as kynurenine and tryptamine were positively and negatively correlated with Veillonella, respectively, and tryptamine levels may be related to the abundance of Ruminococcus genera. In the brain, the elevated level of the 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA, from the serotonine pathway) in the HM brainstem may be related to the more abundant Bifidobacterium in HM-fed piglets. Finally, bacteria from the Firmicutes and Proteobacteria phyla may be involved in modulating polyamine production, as suggested by significant correlations between polyamine levels and bacterial genus abundances in the colon. Overall, the results confirmed the differential effect of HM vs. IF feeding on the microbiota-gut-brain axis and showed the high metabolic responsiveness of the hippocampus, probably related to specific nutritiona
