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Laits et produits laitiers quelques défis pour l’industrie laitière
No full textInternational audienceLe lait, aliment complet consommé à tous les stades de la vie, esttransformé en de nombreux ingrédients et produits laitiers, fermentés ou non, afin de le stabiliser et de le conserver.Ce livre présente les procédés de transformation innovants pour préserver la naturalité des composants laitiers et réduire leur empreinte environnementale. Différents défis auxquels est confrontée l’industrie laitière sont abordés concernant : les progrès pour développer des formules infantiles en phase avec les besoins physiologiques des nouveau-nés et les modèles de digestion in vitro associés ; les changements combinant tradition et nouvelles attentes des consommateurs pour réinventer le yaourt et les laits fermentés ; les pratiques optimales de fabrication fromagère pour contrôler à la fois la qualité du fromage et les performances de production ; les recherches actuelles pour répondre aux demandes des « consomm'acteurs » ; et la compréhension des mécanismes d'encrassement et la maîtrise du nettoyage des équipements de transformation pour limiter les consommations d'eau et d’énergie
Root Disease Complexes of Arable Crops: Where Do We Stand and Where Should We Go?
No full textInternational audienceRoot diseases are a major global threat to sustainable agricultural production. Complexes of interacting soilborne fungal, oomycete and nematode pathogens are involved in causing these diseases that are generally termed root disease complexes. These soilborne pathogen complexes typically have resilient long-term survival mechanisms, the ability to cross-infect multiple crop genera and species, and a wide range of spatial dispersal modes. Although, in some instances, individual pathogens within a complex have been identified using classical and molecular techniques, in most cases the full range of pathogens involved in root disease complexes remain undefined. At the molecular level, it is increasingly obvious that different pathogens engage unique sets of proteins to infect hosts successfully. In addition, the unpredictable and ever-changing nature of soilborne pathogens in space and time challenges their management. A better understanding of the whole system dynamics of root disease complexes is thus a prerequisite for their effective management, especially under climate change scenarios. Management of root disease complexes is dependent upon improved detection and diagnostic techniques that accurately define the full pathogen complement involved, along with an improved understanding of the evolution of root disease complexes, their epidemiology, and adaptation across multiple hosts within wide-ranging and dynamic agricultural systems. This review will focus on root disease complexes of arable crops, with particular emphasis on diagnosis, pathogen genetic diversity, epidemiology, management options, and, how root and airborne diseases interact, and will identify future scope of research
Panta Rhei: a decade of progress in research on change in hydrology and society
No full textInternational audienceTo better understand the increasing human impact on the water cycle and the feedbacks between hydrology and society, the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) organized the scientific decade "Panta Rhei -Everything Flows: Change in hydrology and society" (2013-2022). A key finding is the need to use integrated approaches to assess the co-evolution of human-water systems in order to avoid unintended consequences of human interventions over long periods of time. Additionally, substantial progress has been made in leveraging new data sources on human behaviour, e.g. through text mining of social media posts. Much has been learned about detecting hydrological changes and attributing them to their drivers, e.g. quantifying climate effects on floods. To achieve further progress, we recommend broadening the understanding, the discipline and training activities, while at the same time pursuing synthesis by focusing on key themes, developing innovative approaches and finding sustainable solutions to the world's water problems
New insights into the cultivability of human milk bacteria from ingestion to digestion and implications for their Immunomodulatory properties
No full textInternational audienceHuman milk (HM) microbiota is increasingly studied for its potential health benefits. However, the physiological state of HM bacteria and consequently their effects on gut homeostasis remain a question. This study investigated the physiological state of the HM microbiota by characterizing its cultivable fraction as it might be at the point of ingestion and assessing the effects of digestion, in the specific context of the immature infant digestive tract, on the cultivability and immunomodulatory properties of six HM strains representative of prevalent genera in HM. Twenty-eight HM samples were analysed by 16 S metabarcoding either directly on raw milk (raw milk microbiota, RM) or on the complete cultivable fraction obtained from seven non-selective media (cultivable milk microbiota, CM). This approach enabled a more in-depth investigation of CM than conventional methods based on the individual sequencing of a subset of isolates and resulted in a moderate gain in diversity within each HM sample. It confirmed that diversity was lower in CM than in RM, with ~ 7 versus 69 genera per sample in CM and RM respectively, and an under-representation of strictly anaerobic genera in CM. In vitro infant gastrointestinal digestion resulted in overall good survival of the 6 HM strains but partial or complete loss of their immunomodulatory properties on the monocyte THP1 cell line, except for a Staphylococcus epidermidis strain that gained immunomodulatory potential. These results highlight the potential of HM bacteria to survive during the infant gastrointestinal digestion and interact with the intestinal epithelium and immune system, as well as the importance of considering the digestion process when evaluating host-bacteria interactions
Organization of plant Biological Resource Centers for research in France: History, evolution and current status
No full textThe network BRC4Plants thanks the Research Infrastructure AgroBRC-RARe, the French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE, Biological Resource Centers for plants of AgroBRC-RARe, BRC4Plants, https://doi.org/10.17180/WN42-3J20), the French agricultural research organization and international cooperation for sustainable development tropical and Mediterranean regions (CIRAD), the French public research organization for equitable partnerships with the countries of the South and in French Overseas Territories (IRD), the GIS IBiSA, Institut Agro and the Alliance Nationale de Recherche pour l’Environnement (AllEnvi) for supporting its activities. The writing of the paper was also supported by the Horizon Europe programme project 'Promoting a Plant Genetic Resource Community for Europe (PRO-GRACE)’, no. 101094738.International audienceSince their inception, the French academic organizations dedicated to agricultural research have developed plant collections in genebanks, often within a public-private framework, to support the study of plant traits and the development of new improved varieties. In addition, since the 2000s, a centre for genomic resources has also been established in France. Over the last 20 years, this decentralized system, consisting of the academic genebanks and the centre for genomic resources, has been supported by a national coordination structure. The objectives were to align the network activities with the framework proposed by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) for Biological Resource Centres and to foster collaboration with other national stakeholders involved in the conservation and characterization of plant genetic resources (PGR). In 2015, the network was named BRC4Plants and become part of the French National Research Infrastructure RARe (www.agrobrc-rare.org), supported by the French Ministry of Research. This paper describes BRC4Plants, its users, services and cross-cutting activities. We also highlight its relations with its national and international stakeholders involved in the conservation and characterization of PGRs. BRC4Plants aims to be a key player in addressing societal and research challenges regarding agroecology, climate change mitigation and healthy food systems
First assessments of nutrient bioaccessibility with an INFOGEST semi-dynamic gastric digestion in vitro protocol adapted to model proton pump inhibitor use
No full textInternational audiencePhysiologically relevant gastrointestinal digestion models for infants, adults, and the elderly are commonly used to explore the fate of food in vitro. However, no consensus protocol exists to simulate the specific conditions observed in the stomach of people using oral proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), a class of widely prescribed medications that reduce gastric acid secretion and may alter food digestion and nutrient absorption. The first objective of this study was to propose an in vitro gastric digestion protocol adapted to model PPI use. This protocol is an extension of the semi-dynamic INFOGEST protocol previously developed to mimic the digestion of an adult human (referred to hereinafter as “Standard”), with two modifications based on reported clinical effects of PPIs: (i) a final gastric pH of 4.2 and (ii) a 50 % reduction in simulated gastric acid fluid volume. The second objective was to compare the release kinetics of peptides, soluble carbohydrates, lipids, and minerals during simulated gastric digestion of a mixed meal (bread, cheese, and tomato) with both standard and PPI versions of the protocol. Results demonstrated that the release of peptides, arabinose, and minerals, including calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus, was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in the PPI model, while the hydrolyses of starch and lipids, assessed through maltose release and triacylglycerol disappearance, respectively, were not significantly affected. These findings are in agreement with the expected effects of reduced gastric acidity on pepsin activity and mineral solubility. These findings are also consistent with known or presumed side effects of PPIs such as an increased risk of hypomagnesemia, fractures, skeletal muscle loss, and vitamin B12 deficiency. In conclusion, this modified INFOGEST protocol appears to serve as a valuable tool to study the side effects of PPI use on food digestion and related nutrient bioaccessibility
Deep-learning-ready RGB-depth images of seedling development
No full textInternational audienceIn the era of machine learning-driven plant imaging, the production of annotated datasets is a very important contribution. In this data paper, a unique annotated dataset of seedling emergence kinetics is proposed. It is composed of almost 70,000 RGB-depth frames and more than 700,000 plant annotations. The dataset is shown valuable for training deep learning models and performing high-throughput phenotyping by imaging. The ability of such models to generalize to several species and outperform the state-of-the-art owing to the delivered dataset is demonstrated. We also discuss how this dataset raises new questions in plant phenotyping
L’augmentation de la teneur en énergie de l’aliment, associée à un maintien de l’équilibre avec les acides aminés, permet d’augmenter la vitesse de croissance et le poids de carcasse des porcs mâles entiers alimentés à volonté
No full textInternational audienceFattening performance and carcass characteristics of crossbred Piétrain x (Large White x Landrace) entire male pigs fed ad libitum with growing-finishing diets formulated either to 9.4 (i.e., NE 9.4) or 9.9 (i.e., NE 9.9) MJ/kg of net energy (NE) were compared. Eight pens of seven pigs per treatment were studied. At 69 days of age, pigs were allocated to diets as a function of body weight (BW) and litter of origin. Average daily feed intake was similar with both diets (2.68 kg/d, P = 0.83); thus, NE intake tended to be higher with the NE 9.9 diet (26.5 vs NE 9.4: 25.2 MJ/d, P = 0.08). With the higher NE, the feed-conversion ratio was significantly lower when expressed in kg/kg (2.35 vs NE 9.4: 2.51, P < 0.01) but not in MJ NE/kg (P = 0.21), as the NE 9.9 pigs had a higher average daily gain (1128 vs NE 9.4: 1060 g/d, P < 0.01). Consequently, they tended to be heavier at slaughter (121.5 vs NE 9.4: 117.6 kg BW, P = 0.09), with a better carcass yield (79.9% vs NE 9.4: 78.8%, P < 0.01). It resulted in heavier NE 9.9 carcasses (97.2 vs NE 9.4: 93.1 kg, P < 0.01), which had thicker G4 backfat (+1.6 mm, P < 0.01) and M4 (+2.3 mm, P = 0.02) and M3 (+1.9 mm, P = 0.06) muscle thicknesses but similar G3 backfat depth than NE 9.4 carcasses did. The carcass leanness determined from these criteria was not influenced by the dietary NE content (mean of 61.4, P = 0.49). These results demonstrate that increasing the dietary NE content from 9.4 to 9.9 MJ/kg, and amino acids accordingly, could help increase energy intake by entire male pigs and may be an interesting solution to stimulate the growth rate when the pork-price context encourages heavier carcasses.Les hormones sexuelles sécrétées par le porc mâle entier limitent son appétit : c'est pourquoi la quantité d’énergie ingérée limite la rétention protéique et le gain de poids pendant l'essentiel de l'engraissement.Cette situation est avantageuse en termes d'indice de consommation (IC) ou de teneur en muscle des pièces (TMP) de la carcasse, mais peut poser problème quand la vitesse de croissance (GMQ) n'est pas suffisante pour permettre d'atteindre le poids d'abattage recherché.Hypothèse : augmenter la teneur en énergie de l’aliment permet de stimuler la consommation énergétique et le GMQ des porcs mâles
Pre- and post-harvest temperatures influence the germination response to supra-optimal temperature in contrasting tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) MAGIC genotypes
No full textInternational audienceSeeds rely on temperature to adjust their germination timing by modulating primary and secondary dormancy. The knowledge regarding an intraspecific variation in the germination responses to supra-optimal temperatures during imbibition within the Solanum lycopersicon species and its relation with pre-and post-harvest environments is limited. Here, we studied the impact of imbibition at 35°C in 17 genotypes selected from a multiparent advanced generation intercross (MAGIC) population. We discovered a high genetic variability in the germination responses to heat, leading to thermotolerance, thermoinhibition or thermodormancy with different depths. While thermodormancy appeared more profound than primary dormancy, there was no correlation between the deepness of primary and thermodormancy. Post-harvest treatments influenced considerably germination at supra-optimal temperatures. Dry storage beyond the apparent loss of primary dormancy led to an increased proportion of thermotolerant or thermoinhibited seeds at the expense of thermodormancy in a genotype-dependent manner, thereby revealing cryptic genetic variation. Prolonged cold imbibition also led to increased thermodormancy in genotypes that produced thermotolerant and thermoinhibited seeds. The thermal history before and after flowering influenced primary dormancy and the germination response to heat during imbibition in a genotype-dependent manner, with high temperatures leading to increased thermotolerance or thermoinhibition at the expense of thermodormancy, suggesting transgenerational plasticity despite the domestication of the species. The high potential of the MAGIC population for quantitative trait loci mapping and causal polymorphism identification will be helpful in deciphering the regulatory mechanisms that lead to the plasticity of thermoinhibition or thermodormancy, as well as their connection to the parental environment
Analyse des facteurs génétiques et métaboliques impliqués dans la résistance aux altises dans le matériel génétique diploïde de Brassica
No full textInternational audienceCabbage Stem Flea Beetle (CSFB) is an increasing threat to winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus) growers in Europe. Declining efficiency and regulatory bans on chemical protection in the European context have recently highlighted the urgent need to develop efficient combinations of agronomic practices, biocontrol and varietal resistance. To date, no strong oligogenic resistance to CSFB has been identified in Brassica germplasm. However, the reservoir of variability for partial resistance to CSFB in oilseed rape and in their diploid parental species could make it possible to envisage breeding solutions in the short to medium-term.L’altise d'hiver constitue une menace croissante pour les producteurs de colza d’hiver (Brassica napus) en Europe. La baisse d’efficacité et les interdictions réglementaires de protection chimique dans le contexte européen ont récemment mis en évidence le besoin urgent de développer des combinaisons efficaces de pratiques agronomiques, de lutte biologique et de résistance variétale. À ce jour, aucune forte résistance oligogénique aux altises n'a été identifiée dans le germoplasme de Brassica. Cependant, la diversité génétique de résistance partielle aux altises chez le colza et chez leurs espèces parentales diploïdes pourrait permettre d’envisager des solutions de sélection à court ou moyen terme