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The Environmental Impact of Internet Regulation
No full textWe address the need to regulate Internet infrastructure usage to take into account environmental externalities. We model the interactions between a monopoly ISP and different types of content providers in settings where the former chooses the network size and the latter influences congestion on the network. We first show that current net neutrality regulation does not provide agents the right incentives to cope with the environmental externality issue. Then, we study several alternatives, including laissez-faire, price-based regulation, and norm-based regulation. We derive conditions under which these alternatives fare better than net neutrality. In particular, the two types of regulations are useful tools to accommodate consumer interest and environmental concerns
Uncertainty detection in historical databases
No full textInternational audienceHistorians analyze information from diverse and heterogeneous sources to verify hypotheses and/or to propose new ones. Central to any historical project is the concept of uncertainty, reflecting a lack of confidence. This may limit the scope of the hypotheses formulated. Uncertainty encompasses a variety of aspects including ambiguity, incompleteness, vagueness, randomness, and inconsistency. These aspects cannot be easily detected automatically in plain-text documents. The objective of this article is to propose a process for detecting uncertainty, combining dictionary-based approaches, and pattern identification. The process is validated through experiments conducted on a real historical data set
NER sur décisions judiciaires françaises : CamemBERT Judiciaire ou méthode ensembliste ?
No full textInternational audienceNous étudions dans cet article les apports respectifs de différentes représentations de mots, de la méthode ensembliste et d'un transformer spécialisé que nous appelons CamemBERT judiciaire, sur la tâche de recherche d'entités nommées dans les décisions de justice françaises. Nous comparons les performances des modèles BiLSTM-CRFs entre eux, individuellement ou constitués en ensembles, et avec le modèle de Ngompé et al. (2019) pris comme référence à battre. Les résultats obtenus montrent une amélioration
Sur la naïveté épistémique des dirigeants : problématiser certains présupposés de la connaissance et de l'action contemporaines
No full text« We hear a great deal about pollution today-the pollution of air, water and land, which burdens our lives. But we hear rarely about the pollution of our language, which burdens our understanding. Our daily language, not to mention the « elevated » language of inquiry and exposition, is permeated and polluted… » Jacob Klein, « Speech, Its Strength and Its Weaknesses »
The intertwined dimensions of time and space in crisis situations The case of rapid tactical evacuation during the Bataclan terrorist attack
No full textInternational audienceHow do actors collectively experience disruptive situations, make sense, coordinate and act? We suggest that the ongoing production of an integrated and coherent time-space frame is an essential dimension of organizing and sensemaking processes, particularly in disruptive situations. We develop a pragmatist-inspired framework on organizing processes as narrative inquiry with a relational, intertwined and open-ended view on the inseparability of space and time (Lefebvre, 1991; Massey, 1993, 1999; Merleau-Ponty, 1945/2005). We draw on Bakhtin’s concept of chronotope (Bakhtin, 1981; Holquist, 2010; Lorino & Tricard, 2012), which refers to the intrinsic connectedness of time and space. The chronotope of the organizing process is the fused and meaningful time-space frame of the collective action in progress. Based on this frame, we investigate an exemplifying case, the evacuation of wounded during the Bataclan terror attack on November 13th, 2015 in Paris. With a unique and rare set of data, we focus on the special French police unit RAID, which intervenes in crisis situations. We show that RAID officers do not think and act about time and space separately and sequentially (time then space or vice versa, and then the time-space relationship) but in a fully integrated and relational way, in a time-space frame: they think of space in terms of time, and time in terms of space. We show that during their interventions, they mobilize and reconstruct coherent chronotopes in situ, to respond effectively to the situation. To this end, they make use of generic combinations of coordinated and embodied acts, which are neither cognitive representations of action nor automatic responses to stimuli, but dispositions, habits available as resources for situated meaning-making
Dynamics of Biofuel Prices on the European Market : Impact of the EU Environmental Policy on the Resources Markets
No full textInternational audienceThis paper explains the major drivers of biodiesel market prices by examining agricultural resource prices and gasoil prices for automotive fuels in the context of European Union (EU) environmental policy. EU policy has stimulated biofuel production since the early 2000s. Biodiesel prices are impacted by EU policy as well as by rapeseed and oil prices, which have fluctuated a lot over the last decade. An econometric analysis is performed using monthly data from November 2006 to January 2016, and tests for structural breaks show several changes in price behavior. This leads us to estimate a regime-switching model, which reveals two main regimes for the biodiesel price pattern. When oil prices are high, biodiesel, rapeseed and diesel oil prices are related and are mainly driven by oil prices. When oil prices are low, biodiesel prices are mostly related to rapeseed prices, a consequence of EU regulations requiring the blending of biodiesel and gasoil
