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Broad geographical circulation of a novel vesiculovirus in bats in the Mediterranean region
No full textInternational audienceBats are the natural reservoirs for a variety of emerging and re-emerging viruses. Among them, rabies virus (genus Lyssavirus , family Rhabdoviridae ) is one of the first and most emblematic described in these animals. Since its first description, several new bat lyssaviruses have been regularly identified. In addition to lyssaviruses, other bat rhabdoviruses have also been discovered, including members of the genera Vesiculovirus , Ledantevirus and, more recently, Alphanemrhavirus and Tupavirus . However, the family Rhabdoviridae is one of the most abundant and diverse viral families, with 434 officially recognized species, divided into 5 subfamilies and 56 different genera. The number of rhabdoviruses associated with bats is therefore probably higher than that currently available. In this study, we first developed and validated a combined nested RT-qPCR technique (pan-rhabdo RT-nqPCR) dedicated to the broad detection of animal rhabdoviruses. After validation, this technique was used for a large retrospective screening of archival bat samples (n = 1962), including blood (n = 816), brain (n = 723) and oral swab (n = 423). These samples were collected from various bat species over a 12-year period (2007–2019) in 9 different countries in Europe and Africa. A total of 23 samples (1.2%) from bat species Miniopterus schreibersii , Rhinolophus euryale and Rhinolophus ferrumequinum tested positive for rhabdovirus infection, including 17 (2.1%) blood and 6 (1.4%) oral swab samples, all collected from bats originating from the Mediterranean region. Complete virus genome sequences were obtained by next-generation sequencing for most of the positive samples. Molecular and phylogenetic analysis of these sequences demonstrated that the virus isolates, named Mediterranean bat virus (MBV), were closely related and represented a new species, Mediterranean vesiculovirus , within the genus Vesiculovirus . MBV was more specifically related to other bat vesiculoviruses previously described from China and North America, together clustering into a distinct group of bat viruses within this genus. Interestingly, our results suggest that MBV is widespread, at least in the western part of the Mediterranean region, where it circulates in the blood of several bat species. These results expand the host range and viral diversity of bat vesiculoviruses, and pave the way for further studies to determine the transmission route and dissemination dynamics of these viruses in bat colonies, as well as to assess their potential threat to public health
Phytomanagement strategy leads to plant-derived catalysts for the sustainable synthesis of oxidized Hantzsch esters
No full textInternational audienceThis study proposes a phytomanagement strategy to produce plant-derived eco-catalysts from Lolium perenne (ryegrass) and Trifolium incarnatum (clover), cultivated in contaminated or nutrient-rich soils from two French regions (Pompey and Bordeaux, respectively) and two Belgium sites (Duferco and Vieille Montagne, respectively), for the sustainable oxidation of Hantzsch esters and other substrates. Accumulating plants, cultivated in nutrient-rich or contaminated soils, provide catalysts enriched with transition metals like copper and zinc, supporting green chemistry principles by minimizing hazardous waste and fostering resource circularity. These catalysts were evaluated for the oxidation of Hantzsch esters to pyridines, pyridine-4(1H)-thione to pyridine-4-thiol, cyclohex-2-enone to substituted phenol, and dihydroquinoxaline to hydroxyquinoxaline. Results demonstrated substrate-dependent performance influenced by electronic effects, metal composition, and reaction parameters, with conversions reaching up to 95% for BIO-P2 and 89% for BIO-V catalysts, surpassing traditional oxidants such as KMnO4. Solvent and catalyst loading optimizations further enhanced reaction efficiency, with acetonitrile identified as an appropriate solvent. This dual-purpose strategy combines environmental remediation with the development of efficient, plant-derived catalysts, offering a scalable, eco-friendly alternative for industrial and pharmaceutical oxidative processes while aligning with Sustainable Development Goals
Molecular typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis : a review of current methods, databases, softwares, and analytical tools
No full textInternational audienceStudies on the epidemiology and clinical relevance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) have immensely benefited from molecular typing methods, associated software applications, and bioinformatics tools. Over the last two decades, the Pasteur Institute of Guadeloupe has developed a range of bioinformatic resources, including databases and software, to advance understanding of TB epidemiology. Traditional methods, such as IS6110-RFLP, MIRU-VNTR typing, and spoligotyping, have been instrumental but are increasingly supplanted by more precise and high-throughput techniques. These typing methods offer relatively good discrimination and reproducibility, making them popular choices for epidemiological studies. However, the advent of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) has revolutionized Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) typing, providing unparalleled resolution and data analysis depth. WGS enables the identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms and other genetic variations, facilitating robust phylogenetic reconstructions, and detailed outbreak investigations. This review summarizes current molecular typing methods, as well as databases and software tools used for MTBC data analysis. A comprehensive comparison of available tools and databases is provided to guide future research on the epidemiology of TB and pathogen-associated variables (drug resistance or virulence) and public health initiatives
Epidemiology and Phenotypic Profile of Bacillus cereus Strains Isolated from Diarrhoeal Stools of Children Aged 0 to 5 Years in Port-Bouët, Abidjan
No full textInternational audienceBackground: Diarrhoeal diseases represent a major cause of morbidity and mortality among children under five years, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Although diarrhoea caused by Bacillus cereus is infrequent and typically mild, confirming its presence remains challenging. This study aimed to characterise the phenotypic features of Bacillus cereus strains isolated from diarrhoeal stools of children aged 0-5 years at Port-Bouët General Hospital. document gives formatting instructions. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted from February to September 2020 at the Clinical Bacteriology Unit of the Pasteur Institute in Côte d'Ivoire. Faecal samples from children aged 0 to 5 presenting with diarrhoea were collected using rectal swabs and transported in Cary-Blair medium. Presumptive Bacillus cereus strains were isolated using brain-heart infusion broth for preenrichment, Mossel (MYP) agar for primary culture, and sheep blood agar for confirmation. Biochemical identification was conducted using the API 50CH gallery, and antibiotic susceptibility was determined by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion according to EUCAST requirements. Results: Of 186 stool samples analysed, 16 Bacillus cereus isolates were obtained. Half of these patients were under 12 months, with a sex ratio of 1.28. All isolates exhibited peritrichous motility and complete resistance to benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, and trimethoprim. Low resistance rates were observed for clindamycin (6.25%), vancomycin (12.5%), and imipenem sensitivity reached 93.75%. Clinically, abdominal pain (87.5%), vomiting (56.25%), and fever (87.5%) were the predominant symptoms observed. Conclusion: Bacillus cereus should be routinely included in stool culture protocols due to its distinctive phenotypic profile and potential pathogenicity.</div
The mutational landscape of ARMC5 in Primary Bilateral Macronodular Adrenal Hyperplasia: an update
No full textInternational audienceBackground Primary Bilateral Macronodular Adrenal Hyperplasia (PBMAH) is a rare cause of Cushing’s syndrome due to bilateral adrenocortical macronodules. Germline inactivating variants of the tumor suppressor gene ARMC5 are responsible for 20–25% of apparently sporadic PBMAH cases and 80% of familial presentations. ARMC5 screening is now routinely performed for PBMAH patients and families. Based on literature review and own observation, this study aims to give an overview of both published and unpublished ARMC5 genetic alterations and to compile the available evidence to discriminate pathogenic from benign variants. Results 146 different germline variants (110 previously published and 36 novel) are identified, including 46% missense substitutions, 45% truncating variants, 3% affecting splice sites, 4% in-frame variants and 2% large deletions. In addition to the germline events, somatic 16p loss-of-heterozygosity and 104 different somatic events are described. The pathogenicity of ARMC5 variants is established on the basis of their frequency in the general population, in silico predictions, familial segregation and tumor DNA sequencing. Conclusions This is the first extensive review of ARMC5 pathogenic variants. It shows that they are spread on the whole coding sequence. This is a valuable resource for genetic investigations of PBMAH and will help the interpretation of new missense substitutions that are continuously identified
Disease characteristics and monitoring of IDH1/IDH2-mutated acute myeloid leukemia
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Vector Competence of Temperate and Tropical Mosquito Species for Babanki virus
No full textBabanki virus (BBKV), an alphavirus belonging to the Western Equine encephalitis complex, was isolated from Mansonia africana mosquitoes in 1969 but is not characterized yet. Transmitted to humans and animals through the bite of an infectious female arthropod, it is associated with febrile illness, rash, and arthritis similarly to Sindbis virus to which it is related. No specific treatment or vaccine is available. To investigate any risk of propagation, our study investigated the vector competence of several mosquito species towards BBKV. For this purpose, laboratory mosquito colonies from metropolitan France: Culex pipiens (Paris), Aedes albopictus (Nice) as well as tropical area: Aedes albopictus (Saint-Benoît, La Réunion) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Slab strain), Aedes aegypti (PAEA) were exposed to an artificial blood meal infected with BBKV molecular clone. Midguts, legs, salivary glands and saliva were collected from individual mosquitoes of different strains or species at various time points to assess the infection status, viral replication, and infectiousness. At 7 days post viral exposure, infection rates exceeded 70% in Aedes and 40% in Culex species. They remain above 50% except for Culex quinquefasciatus which decreases to 35% at 14 days post viral exposure. Using genome and protein detection, the dissemination rates are above 50% except for Aedes albopictus (Nice) at 7 days post viral exposure. Infection assays using VeroE6 cells indicated that BBKV replicative viral particles were found in the saliva of the different populations tested. Our data demonstrate that different mosquitoes’ species from both temperate and tropical areas are competent to transmit BBKV suggesting an emergence risk that could trigger an outbreak in humans. Author Summary Babanki virus (BBKV) is a non-characterized arbovirus identified in 1969 in Cameroon. BBKV is closely related to Sindbis virus which causes symptoms like febrile illness, rash, and arthritis in humans and animals. Both are alphaviruses within the Western Equine Encephalitis complex. BBKV is identified only in the African continent so far. Despite its potential to cause disease, no effective treatments are available. This study investigates the vector competence of various mosquito species from temperate and tropical regions, to transmit BBKV. After mosquitoes were fed an infectious blood meal, various organs were collected at different time points to assess the infection status, viral replication, and infectiousness. The results showed that BBKV infection occurred in all tested mosquito species and persisted over time, with viral particles detected in mosquito or that can potentially be transmitted to vertebrate hosts via mosquito saliva. These findings highlight the broad vector competence of mosquitoes from diverse climatic regions for BBKV, indicating its potential risk for emergence and outbreaks in different regions of the world. The study emphasizes the need for enhanced surveillance and preventive measures to mitigate the potential threat posed by this emerging virus
IMMUNOLOGICAL AND VIROLOGIC OUTCOMES WITHIN TEN YEARS OF COMBINED ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY INITIATED BEFORE ONE YEAR OF AGE IN CAMEROONIAN CHILDREN WITH PERINATAL HIV
No full textInternational audienceBackground: We reported immunological and virologic outcomes within 10 years of combined Antiretroviral Therapy (cART) initiated no later than age one year and associated factors in children with perinatal HIV in Cameroon. Setting: This study was conducted in 3 referral hospitals in Cameroon. Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study, using time-to-event analysis. Probabilities of the following outcomes were assessed within the first 10 years of cART initiation: first Viral Suppression to <400 copies/mL (VS), maintaining first VS, Immunocompetence (IC) - stage 1, CDC Immunological Classification - and mortality. Results: 190 children started cART before one year of age, at an average age of 4.3 months (Standard deviation: ±2.5 months), of whom 45.3% were immunocompetent; 66.8% on nevirapine (NVP)-based versus ritonavir-boosted lopinavir (LPV/r)-based regimens; 37.9% with running water at home. At 10 years of cART initiation, outcomes probabilities estimates were: 22.0% of death mostly in the first 2 years and mainly due to advanced HIV disease, 72.0% of first VS achieved; 70.0% and 50.4% of first VS maintained considering children with first VS achieved and all the study participants, respectively; immunocompetent children increased to 88.6%. Being immunocompetent at cART initiation and receiving LPV/r-based regimens (versus NVP-based ones) over time were significantly associated with maintaining VS. Conclusion: Long term efficacy of early cART in children with perinatal HIV was mainly impaired by high mortality during initial phase. Screening strategies, even community-based, for early detecting HIV in exposed infants before advanced HIV disease had set up, should be implemented
Cancer-treatment-induced accelerated aging in older adult cancer survivors: A call for actions for future perspectives in geriatric oncology.
No full textInternational audienceAbstractCancer treatment has significantly improved survival rates, but older adult cancer survivors remain at risk of cancer-treatment-induced late effects such as cardiac complications and second primary cancers. A new hypothesis emerged in the literature suggesting that such late effects can indeed be the manifestation of an accelerated aging process induced by cancer treatments. The cancer-treatment-induced accelerated aging could first arise from clinical and biological manifestations such as frailty, sarcopenia, cognitive impairments, cellular senescence, telomere attrition, and chronic inflammation, paralleling hallmarks of aging. Older adult cancer survivors frequently demonstrated early-onset frailty, sarcopenia, osteoporosis, cognitive impairments, diminished physical function, and increased levels of aging biomarkers compared to cancer-free age-matched older adults. However, existing studies are limited by their narrow focus on specific cancers, the use of single aging outcome measures, and short follow-up durations. A holistic research approach, incorporating comprehensive geriatric assessments and aging biomarkers, is crucial for describing the induced health burden and the mechanisms underlying these induced aging vulnerabilities. Addressing these gaps through large-scale longitudinal studies could lead to personalized interventions, improved treatment protocols, and supportive care strategies in older adult cancer survivors. Such efforts will enhance quality of life, promote healthy aging trajectories, and mitigate societal and economic burdens. To this end, concrete actions, such as establishing international consortia that include patient advocacy, are encouraged. Efforts should also include developing a centralized, registry-based repository for clinical and biological aging outcomes
Understanding the role of trehalose in interactions between Wolbachia and Aedes aegypti
No full textInternational audienceMosquito-borne diseases such as chikungunya, dengue, and Zika represent a major burden on global public health. To fight against these arboviruses, vector control strategies are a priority. One existing strategy is based on the use of an endosymbiotic bacterium, Wolbachia , which reduces the transmission of arboviruses by the mosquito Aedes aegypti via a pathogen blocking effect. Wolbachia in Ae . aegypti disrupts several pathways of the host’s metabolism. Trehalose is a carbohydrate circulating mainly in insect hemolymph and plays a role in numerous mechanisms as energy source or stress recovery molecule and in chitin synthesis. This study explores the importance of trehalose in the interactions between Wolbachia and Ae. aegypti , and attempts to understand the pathogen blocking effect