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Diet, fruit and vegetables and One Health: benefits for health, environment, society and the consumer—proceedings of the 9th edition of EGEA conference
No full textInternational audiencePurpose To present the outcomes of the EGEA Conference on the state of knowledge regarding the contribution of diets rich in fruit and vegetables (FV) to human and planetary health, commonly included in the One Health concept. Methods The 9th edition of EGEA Conference (20-22 September 2023, Barcelona) provided a transversal and multidisciplinary perspective on the contribution of FV to One Health, in particular to the health of individuals, society and the planet. Nearly 150 international scientists and stakeholders discussed the current state of knowledge. These proceedings are based both on a literature review and the scientic studies presented by the speakers. Results Scientic evidence conrms the role of FV in preventing cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes; more evidence is needed on the eects and mechanisms of FV in cancer prevention. FV production and consumption helps ensure territorial cohesion and provides a denser, nutrient-rich diet with less environmental impact (except water use) than other food groups, but use of synthetic pesticides in FV production remains a challenge that could be addressed with agro-ecological solutions. Various factors inuence consumer choice and behaviour towards FV consumption across the lifespan, with specic periods being more conducive to change. New research is emerging on the role of FV consumption in regulating gut microbiota and on both mental and brain health; the potential role of FV production and supply in tackling biodiversity loss and climate change; and better monitoring of FV consumption. Conclusion Sucient evidence conrms the contribution of diet rich in FV to One Health, with some emerging research on this topic. Concerted actions are required towards an increased consumption of FV and a more diversied and environmentally neutral FV production
Predictors of Outcomes of Reintervention After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement
No full textInternational audienceBackground: In a context of extending transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) to patients with a longer life expectancy, it is important to better document the incidence and outcomes of reintervention.Objectives: The authors sought to evaluate the incidence, predictive factors, and long-term outcomes of surgical (explant TAVR) or transcatheter (redo TAVR) reintervention after TAVR.Methods: Patients who had a TAVR between 2010 and 2022 recorded in the FRANCE 2 and FRANCE TAVI registries were included in the analysis. Cumulative incidence of early (≤1 year) and late (>1 year) reintervention was assessed using the Kalbfleisch and Prentice method to account for all-cause death as a competing risk. Patients who had reintervention for infective endocarditis were excluded. Long-term mortality was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier analysis.Results: Among 72,850 patients included, the cumulative incidence of overall reintervention at 8 years was 1.7% including 591 patients who had redo TAVR and 111 patients who required explant TAVR with a low incidence of Bentall intervention. Reintervention occurred mostly early in 62.1% of cases and was more frequent in patients who had a mean aortic gradient >20 mm Hg immediately after index TAVR. Age and mean aortic gradient before TAVR and mean aortic gradient >20 mm Hg, aortic regurgitation ≥ grade 2, and percutaneous coronary intervention after TAVR were predictive of reintervention. Six-year mortality was high but was similar in patients who had early and late reintervention (76.2% vs 64.0%; P = 0.77).Conclusions: Reintervention after TAVR remains rare and was mostly performed early after the procedure and by redo TAVR. Further studies are warranted, particularly in younger patients with longer life expectancy
Comparative Analysis of Serum BAFF and IL-17 Levels Pre- and Post-Antipsychotic Treatment for Acute Schizophrenia
No full textInternational audienceThe interplay between the cytokine network and antipsychotic treatment in schizophrenia remains poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the impact of psychotropic medications on serum levels of IFN-γ, IL-4, TGF-β1, IL-17, and BAFF, and to explore their relationship with psychopathological features. We recruited 63 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia in the acute phase, all of whom were either drug-naïve or had been drug-free for at least three months. Serum levels of IL-4, IFN-γ, TGF-β1, IL-17, and BAFF were measured at baseline and after six months of antipsychotic treatment. The severity of symptoms was assessed using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS), and the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS). Fifty-two patients completed the six-month follow-up for immunoassay analysis. Antipsychotic treatment led to a significant decrease in serum levels of IFN-γ, TGF-β1, and IL-17, alongside a significant increase in BAFF levels. Changes in IFN-γ were positively correlated with SANS scores and negatively correlated with Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scores. Changes in TGF-β1 were negatively correlated with GAF scores. Changes in BAFF were negatively correlated with SAPS scores. Multivariable regression models were used to explore the association between cytokine level changes (IL-17, BAFF, IFN-γ, and TGF-β1) and independent variables, including demographic (gender, age), behavioral (tobacco use), clinical (schizophrenia type, disease course, date of onset, prior treatment), and biological (C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)) factors, as well as standardized assessment scores. No significant associations were found, except for a significant negative correlation between TGF-β1 changes and GAF scores, as well as a positive correlation with age. Interestingly, advanced statistical analyses revealed that only changes in IL-17 and BAFF levels were significantly associated with antipsychotic treatment. Our findings suggest that antipsychotic drugs exert both pro-and anti-inflammatory effects on the cytokine network. The observed modulation of IL-17 and BAFF highlights their potential as future therapeutic targets in schizophrenia
Making field effect transistor measurements accessible to electrochemists and biologists
No full textInternational audienceField effect transistors (FETs), originally developed in the field of electronic engineering, have gained increasing prominence in biosensing due to their versatile operation characteristics, ranging from recording simple electrical transfer curves to performing chronoamperometric measurements. Commonly known as bioFETs, these devices typically feature low gate voltage operation characteristics, can be made highly selective/sensitive through bioreceptor integration, label-free and do not rely on redox mediators or enzymatic product detection, and are easy to interface with microfluidic or flow cell devices. Despite their advantages, electrochemists and biologists remain still hesitant to explore the possibilities of bioFETs, owing to concerns about investment costs and the complexity of the read-out tools. In this study, we demonstrate the use of a simple, cost-effective bipotentiostat platform, providing an accessible solution for those interested in electronic biosensing without the need to delve into complex electronics. As a proof-of-concept, we showcase the working principle of a graphene-based bioFET for sensing a cardiac biomarker using a peptide nucleic acid (PNA)-aptamer-modified gFET platform. This article focuses on how to easily develop/operate FETs for biosensing measurements using the bipotentiostat-setup and discloses its simplicity over the conventional approaches
Toxoplasma gondii and Trypanosoma lewisi Infection in Urban Small Mammals From Cotonou, Benin, With Special Emphasis on Coinfection Patterns
No full textThis study was conducted under the research agreement between the Republic of Benin and the French Institute for Substainable Development (IRD; renewed on April 6th, 2017) as well as between IRD and Abomey-Calavi University (signed on September 30th, 2010 and renewed on July 3rd, 2019). Field investigations were conducted after a written and/or oral authorization of local authorities (i.e., local heads of urban districts, authorities, and staffs of Cotonou Autonomous Seaport) as well as the systematic consent of residents when trapping was conducted inside private settings. Note that no animal research ethical committee is available in Benin and no ethical committee agreement is required in Benin to conduct research on pest animals such as those described in the present study. However, rodents were treated in a human manner according to the American Society of Mammalogy recommendations [71]. None of the species captured in the frame of the current study has IUCN protection status (see CITES list, https://checklist.cites.org). In line with the Nagoya protocol, authorization for access and equitable sharing of knowledge and data was issued by the competent national authorities of Benin (file 608/DGEFC/DCPRN/PF-APA/SA).International audienceA growing number of studies has highlighted the importance of coinfections in eco-evolutionary processes underlying host-parasite interactions and the resulting epidemiology of zoonotic agents. Small mammals, and particularly rodents, are known to be important reservoirs of many zoonotic pathogens, such as Toxoplasma gondii and Trypanosoma lewisi, that are responsible for toxoplasmosis and atypical trypanosomiasis in humans, respectively. Laboratory experiments on rodent models have shown that primary infection with T. lewisi increases the host sensitivity to other parasites, including T. gondii, following an alteration in the immune response. However, data on potential interactions between these parasites in wild small mammals remain scarce. In this study, we determined the T. lewisi prevalence in 553 small mammals from four localities of Cotonou city, Benin. The results were then combined with T. gondii data previously collected for the same individuals in order to investigate the influence of T. lewisi on T. gondii infection, and vice versa, using co-occurrence tests and generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs). Despite quite high overall prevalence (32.5% and 15.2% for T. lewisi and T. gondii, respectively), we observed a clear and significant segregation between the two parasites. This may be explained by (i) differences in the species-specific receptivity and/or sensitivity of small mammal host species to infection by these two parasites, with Rattus rattus (Rra), Rattus norvegicus (Rno), and Mastomys natalensis (Mna) being the main hosts of T. lewisi, while Crocidura olivieri (Cro) and Mus musculus domesticus (Mus) were the main hosts for T. gondii; and/or (ii) a possibly high mortality in coinfected animals in the wild. Although dedicated experimental studies are required to confirm this pattern, as they stand, our data fail to support that in nature, the infection of small mammals by one of these two parasites favors widespread infection by the second one
Supplementary Materials and Results Aortic valve calcification is induced by the loss of ALDH1A1 and can be prevented by agonists of retinoic acid receptor alpha: preclinical evidence for drug repositioning
No full textInternational audienceSupplementary materials and methods ALDH1A1 circulating level measurementALDH1A1 was measured in plasma samples from patients previously described in the ATHERAO (approved by ethic committee; CPP2008_13/0839) and METHYSTROKE (calcified BPV) studies and collected the day before chirurgical valve replacement and valve in valve transcatheter aortic valve replacement, respectively. The METHYSTROKE Study has been approved by ethic committee (URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT02972008). ALDH1A1 was measured using an ELISA method (Thermofisher Scientific). Tissue preparationFor all collected valves, leaflets were rinsed in saline immediately after explantation. For calcified aortic valves, non-calcified tissue of one leaflet was separated from macroscopic calcifications. These tissues were then prepared for RNA and protein extraction. For control valves, a whole leaflet was used to prepare RNA and protein extracts. In both cases, the remaining tissue was </div
Chronic musculoskeletal pain among Ebola survivors in Guinea: a cross-sectional study reveals key risk factors and the need for specialized care
No full textInternational audienceThe tremendous size of the 2013–16 West African outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) resulted in a sizeable population of survivors, many reporting short-term sequelae such as arthralgia and myalgia. We aimed to examine the occurrence of chronic musculoskeletal (MS) pain among survivors. Methods: we performed a cross-sectional study following systematic rheumatological screening of patients included in the PostEboGui cohort (Conakry district). We used regression models to establish the magnitude of EVD as a risk factor for developing chronic MS pain by comparison with a control cohort of seronegative individuals living in the same area and to establish risk factors for developing MS pain among survivors. Results: the study included 313 patients (55.6% female), with a median age of 28.2 years (interquartile range [IQR] 21–37), and a median time from Ebola Treatment Centre (ETC) discharge to rheumatological visit of 26.2 months (IQR 23–30). Chronic MS pain was reported in 216 (69%) patients. Enthesis and painful peripheral joints were largely involved 196 (91%) with symmetrical distribution. Previous Ebola infection was a major risk factor for chronic MS pain (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 6.66 [95% CI, 4.52–9.92]). Among survivors, increasing age (OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.08–1.22) and female gender (OR 3.58, 95% CI 1.22–11.80) were both associated with current MS pain, while myalgia experienced during the acute phase of EVD appeared protective (OR 0.14, 95% CI 0.04–0.42). Conclusion: our study provides the most accurate long-term description of MS disorders among Ebola survivors. Joint and muscle pain sequelae are frequent and require specialized care
Développement d'un test de compétition pour évaluer la viabilité in vitro des sérotypes du virus de la dengue à l'aide d'une qRT-PCR optimisée spécifique à chaque sérotype
No full textInternational audienceBackground Comparing the in vitro fitness of dengue virus (DENV) isolates is a pivotal approach to assess the contribution of DENV strains’ replicative fitness to epidemiological contexts, including serotype replacements. Competition assays are the gold standard to compare the in vitro replicative fitness of viral strains. Implementing competition assays between DENV serotypes requires an experimental setup and an appropriate read-out to quantify the viral progeny of strains belonging to different serotypes. Methods In the current study, we optimized an existing serotyping qRT-PCR by adapting primer/probe design and multiplexing the serotype-specific qRT-PCR reactions, allowing to accurately detect and quantify all four DENV serotypes. We next developed an in vitro competition assay to compare the replicative fitness of two DENV serotypes in the human hepatic cell line HuH7. Findings The qRT-PCR was specific, and had a limit of detection below 7.52, 1.19, 3.48 and 1.36 genome copies/µL, an efficiency of 1.993, 1.975, 1.902, 1.898 and a linearity (R²) of 0.99975, 0.99975, 0.99850, 0.99965 for DENV-1, −2, −3 and −4, respectively. Challenge of this multiplex serotype-specific qRT-PCR on mixes of viral supernatants containing known concentrations of strains from two serotypes evidenced an accurate quantification of the amount of genome copies of each serotype. Quantification of the viral progeny of each serotype in the inoculum and the supernatant of competition assays using the serotype-specific multiplex qRT-PCR unveiled an enrichment of the supernatant in DENV-1 genome copies, uncovering the enhanced replicative fitness of this DENV-1 isolate. Conclusions This optimized qRT-PCR combined with a relevant cellular model allowed to accurately quantify the viral progeny of two DENV strains belonging to two different serotypes in a competition assay, allowing to determine which strain had a replicative advantage. This reliable experimental setup is adaptable to the comparative study of the replicative fitness of any DENV serotypes
Not every day is a sunny day: Synthetic cloud injection for deep land cover segmentation robustness evaluation across data sources
No full textInternational audienceSupervised deep learning for land cover semantic segmentation (LCS) relies on labeled satellite data. However, most existing Sentinel-2 datasets are cloud-free, which limits their usefulness in tropical regions where clouds are common. To properly evaluate the extent of this problem, we developed a cloud injection algorithm that simulates realistic cloud cover, allowing us to test how Sentinel-1 radar data can fill in the gaps caused by cloud-obstructed optical imagery. We also tackle the issue of losing spatial and/or spectral details during encoder downsampling in deep networks. To mitigate this loss, we propose a lightweight method that injects Normalized Difference Indices (NDIs) into the final decoding layers, enabling the model to retain key spatial features with minimal additional computation. Injecting NDIs enhanced land cover segmentation performance on the DFC2020 dataset, yielding improvements of 1.99% for U-Net and 2.78% for DeepLabV3 on cloud-free imagery. Under cloud-covered conditions, incorporating Sentinel-1 data led to significant performance gains across all models compared to using optical data alone, highlighting the effectiveness of radar-optical fusion in challenging atmospheric scenarios