Portail HAL confremo Archives ouvertes du Moyen-Orient
Not a member yet
3450 research outputs found
Sort by
Les relations entre le Haut-commissariat français au Liban et les maronites entre 1919 et 1925 : Henri Gouraud, Maxime Weygand et Maurice Sarrail, trois styles, trois politiques ?
No full textLebanon was but a region of the Ottoman Empire before the French mandate. We then talked of Mount Lebanon, a mountainous territory inhabited by Christians. The first French administration lead by Henri Gouraud and Robert de Caix organized the Syria-Lebanon in four territories, including one for the Mount Lebanon now called Great Lebanon. This political system is mostly based on the religious communities and gives a lot of power to the Maronites.When Henri Gouraud arrives in Beirut in 1919, he is hailed by the city and all of Lebanon, whatever the religious community. He is seen as a General who proved himself in Africa and during the First World War. He is from a catholic family and practices catholicism. He then rapidly gets closer to the patriarch Elias Hoyek.On the contrary, in 1925, Maurice Sarrail's departure comes from a general dissatisfaction on the part of the Lebanese people who never accepted his anticlerical policy. Therefore, the Druze and Maronite communities, however clause to Gouraud, demanded his discharge.Considering this, we can observe the speed at which this disapproval from the people developed in only a year's time. We can therefore note that every Hight Commissioner sets up his own political, military, and religious views. Can we thus justify the evolution of the political situation in Lebanon by a different view of the religious policy of the High Commission ? Are the style and personality of the High Commissioner the only factor to consider or could we also explain it by considering the French society of the time and moreover the projects of the government that named said High Commissions ?Le Liban n'est qu'une région de l'Empire Ottoman avant le mandat français. On parle alors de Mont-Liban, un territoire montagneux et peuplé de chrétiens. Ainsi, la première administration française dirigée par Henri Gouraud, secondé par Robert de Caix, organise la Syrie Liban en quatre territoires, dont un pour le Mont-Liban désormais Grand Liban. Ce système politique se base surtout sur les communautés religieuses et donne ainsi un large pouvoir aux Maronites. Lorsque Henri Gouraud arrive à Beyrouth en 1919, il est acclamé par la ville et le Liban tout entier, quelques soient les communautés religieuses. Il est perçu comme un Général qui a fait ses preuves en Afrique mais aussi durant la Première Guerre Mondiale. De même, il vient d'une famille catholique et il est lui-même pratiquant. Il se rapproche alors rapidement du Patriarche Elias Houayek. A contrario, en 1925, le départ de Maurice Sarrail est le fruit d'un mécontentement général de la part des Libanais qui n'ont jamais accepté sa politique anticléricale. Aussi, les communautés druzes et maronites, pourtant proche d'Henri Gouraud, réclament le renvoi du Général français.Face à ce constat, nous remarquons qu'il est intéressant de comprendre comment ce mécontentement a pu se développer en seulement quelques années. Ainsi, on peut noter que chaque Haut-Commissaire a mis en place sa propre vision politique, militaire mais également religieuse. Ainsi, comment pouvons-nous justifier l'évolution de la situation politique au Liban par une vision différente de la politique religieuse du Haut-Commissariat ? Le style et la personnalité ne sont-ils que les seuls facteurs à prendre en compte ou peut-on expliquer cela également par la société française de l'époque et surtout les projets des gouvernements qui les ont nommés
Chercheur sur l’industrie du futur : quelle éthique ?
No full textSéminaire du chapitre français IEEE SMCInternational audienc
Consistency of the simple mode of a density for spatial processes
No full textInternational audienceWe are concerned with estimating the mode of a density of a spatial process by the kernel method under some dependency conditions. A simple estimate of the mode based only on data is considered. The approach consists of maximising the density kernel estimate on data. An optimal rate of uniform consistency of the density estimate will be established. Strong consistency of the simple estimate of the mode with the rate of consistency will be investigated when data are spatially dependent on some general mixing conditions
Bond Strength of Adhesive Systems to Calcium Silicate-Based Materials: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of In Vitro Studies
No full textSince the adhesion of resin composites to calcium silicate-based cement is considered challenging. Therefore, the best adhesion strategy should be indicated. This review aimed to assess the effect of different adhesive systems on the bond strength of resin composite to calcium silicate-based cement through a systematic review and meta-analysis. The subsequent PICOS framework used was: population, calcium silicate-based cement; intervention, use of self-etch adhesive systems; control, use of total-etch adhesive systems; outcome, bond strength; study design, in vitro studies. The literature search was conducted independently by two reviewers up to 18 February 2021. Electronic databases (PubMed, ISI Web of Science, SciELO, Scopus, and Embase) were searched for applicable articles. In vitro manuscripts studying the effect of adhesive systems on the bond strength of calcium silicate-based cement were considered. The meta-analyses were performed using Review Manager Software version 5.3.5 (The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, Copenhagen, Denmark). Bond strength comparisons were made considering the type of calcium silicate-based cement (Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA), Biodentine™, or TheraCal LC®). A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. A total of 7321 studies were retrieved in databases searched. After full-text evaluation, 37 eligible papers were assessed for qualitative analysis, leaving a total of 22 papers for the quantitative analysis. According to the meta-analysis, the bond strength values of resin composite materials to MTA and TheraCal LC® cement were favored when a total-etch adhesive system was used (p ≤ 0.02). On the other hand, the meta-analysis of the bond strength of resin-based materials to Biodentine™ calcium silicate-based cement was similar between both approaches (p = 0.12). The in vitro evidence suggests that the bond strength of resin-based materials to both MTA and TheraCal LC® cement was preferred by using the total-etch adhesive strategy. However, when bonding to Biodentine™, the use of self-etch or total-etch strategies displayed promising results. Given the lack of evidence related to the chemical interaction of self-etch adhesive materials with the bioceramics, if self-etch adhesives are used for bonding resin-based restorations to calcium silicate-based cement, a pretreatment with phosphoric acid could be recommended
Pre-Conditioning Methods and Novel Approaches with Mesenchymal Stem Cells Therapy in Cardiovascular Disease
No full textInternational audienceTransplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the setting of cardiovascular disease, such as heart failure, cardiomyopathy and ischemic heart disease, has been associated with good clinical outcomes in several trials. A reduction in left ventricular remodeling, myocardial fibrosis and scar size, an improvement in endothelial dysfunction and prolonged cardiomyocytes survival were reported. The regenerative capacity, in addition to the pro-angiogenic, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects represent the main target properties of these cells. Herein, we review the different preconditioning methods of MSCs (hypoxia, chemical and pharmacological agents) and the novel approaches (genetically modified MSCs, MSC-derived exosomes and engineered cardiac patches) suggested to optimize the efficacy of MSC therapy
Kombucha analogues around the world:: A review
No full textInternational audienceKombucha is a traditional healthy beverage usually made by the fermentation of sweetened tea with a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast. The consumption of kombucha is associated with numerous health benefits and therefore the beverage has attracted the attention of consumers worldwide. Non-typical substrates (fruits, vegetables, plants, herbs, dairy, and by-products) are being inoculated with the kombucha consortium in an attempt to develop new products. This review paper reviews the fermentation parameters for different non-tea substrates used to make kombucha, in addition to the findings obtained in terms of physico-chemical analysis, biological activities and sensory evaluation
Mesorhizobium ventifaucium sp. nov. and Mesorhizobium escarrei sp. nov., two novel root-nodulating species isolated from Anthyllis vulneraria
No full textInternational audienceTen mesorhizobial strains isolated from root-nodules of Anthyllis vulneraria by trapping using soils from southern France were studied to resolve their taxonomy. Their 16S rDNA sequences were identical and indicated that they are affiliated to the genus Mesorhizobium within the group M. prunaredense/M. delmotii/M. temperatum/M. mediterraneum/M. wenxiniae and M. robiniae as the closest defined species. Their evolutionary relationships with validated species were further characterized by multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) using 4 protein-coding housekeeping genes (recA, atpD, glnII and dnaK), that divides the strains in two groups, and suggest that they belong to two distinct species. These results were well-supported by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analyses, wet-lab DNA-DNA hybridization (≤58%), and genome-based species delineation methods (ANI < 96%, in silico DDH < 70%), confirming their affiliation to two novel species. Based on these differences, Mesorhizobium ventifaucium (STM4922T = LMG 29643T = CFBP 8438T) and Mesorhizobium escarrei (type strain STM5069T = LMG 29642T = CFBP 8439T) are proposed as names for these two novel species. The phylogeny of nodulation genes nodC and nodA allocated the type strains into symbiovar anthyllidis as well as those of M. metallidurans STM2683T, M. delmotii STM4623T and M. prunaredense STM4891T, all recovered from the same legume species
Etat des lieux et perspectives de la recherche française en sciences humaines et sociales en Egypte, rapport remis au GIS MOMM pour le 3ème Forum du GIS MOMM : Au-delà des frontières. La recherche française et les nouvelles circulations régionales des savoirs au Maghreb et au Moyen-OrientForum en ligne – 23 mars, 30 mars et 6 avril 2021: Rapport remis au GIS MOMM pour le 3ème Forum du GIS MOMM : Au-delà des frontières. La recherche française et les nouvelles circulations régionales des savoirs au Maghreb et au Moyen-OrientForum en ligne – 23 mars, 30 mars et 6 avril 2021
No full textPar Frédéric Abécassis, directeur des études de l'Ifao Et Agnès Deboulet, directrice du CEDEJ Ce rapport à quatre mains a été demandé par le GIS MOMM à la directrice du Centre d'études et de documentation économiques, juridiques et sociales (CEDEJ) et au directeur des études de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale (Ifao) afin de dresser un état des lieux de la recherche française en Égypte en deux volets : d'une part, dans les disciplines dites de l'érudition (sciences humaines, histoire, littérature) et d'autre part dans les sciences sociales contemporaines. Cette partition, qui n'exclut pas de larges zones d'interférence, correspond en première approche à l'ancrage disciplinaire des deux instituts : archéologie, philologie et histoire de l'Égypte contemporaine de la préhistoire à nos jours pour l'Ifao ; recherches pluridisciplinaires portant principalement sur l'Égypte contemporaine dans toutes les disciplines des sciences humaines et sociales (sciences politiques, droit, économie, géographie, sociologie, anthropologie, histoire des XXe et XXIe siècles…) pour le CEDEJ. Les deux instituts s'inscrivent dans un tissu d'instituts français et étrangers opérant en Égypte. Si la plupart se concentrent sur l'archéologie, certains ont développé une activité de recherche soutenue sur l'Égypte médiévale, moderne et contemporaine. C'est le cas de l'institut néerlandais (NVIC), de l'Orient Institut Beirut, de l'institut allemand (DAIK), et de l'Université américaine du Caire (AUC), avec qui les relations sont anciennes. Le CEDEJ est cependant le seul centre de recherches ouvert à tous les chercheurs et doctorants en sciences sociales
Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in low- and middle-income countries: a scattered picture
No full textInternational audienceData on comprehensive population-based surveillance of antimicrobial resistance is lacking. In low- and middle-income countries, the challenges are high due to weak laboratory capacity, poor health systems governance, lack of health information systems, and limited resources. Developing countries struggle with political and social dilemma, and bear a high health and economic burden of communicable diseases. Available data are fragmented and lack representativeness which limits their use to advice health policy makers and orientate the efficient allocation of funding and financial resources on programs to mitigate resistance. Low-quality data means soaring rates of antimicrobial resistance and the inability to track and map the spread of resistance, detect early outbreaks, and set national health policy to tackle resistance. Here, we review the barriers and limitations of conducting effective antimicrobial resistance surveillance, and we highlight multiple incremental approaches that may offer opportunities to strengthen population-based surveillance if tailored to the context of each country