Polish Communication Association Journals
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Studying Media Systems in the Era of Digital Media : Interview with Professor Daniel C. Hallin
No full textMonetyzacja treści w internecie na przykładzie „Gazety Wyborczej”
No full textIn this paper, the author analyzed the monetization strategy of “Gazeta Wyborcza” in the years 2014–2021 – during the period when the title was introduced within his website paywall. The author verified the hypothesis according to which paywall may be an effective way of monetization on the Internet. The study was conducted on the financial results of “Gazeta Wyborcza” in terms of revenues in the years 2014–2021, the circulation of paper editions of the title and the number of subscriptions to the website Wybcza.pl in the years 2014-2021, as well as Individual In-depth Interviews with employees of “Gazeta Wyborcza”.W niniejszym artykule dokonano analizy strategii monetyzacji „Gazety Wyborczej” w latach 2014–2021, a więc w okresie, w którym tytuł wprowadził w obrębie swojego serwisu internetowego paywall. Postawiona została hipoteza, według której płatna zapora treści zamieszczanych w serwisie może być skutecznym sposobem monetyzacji w internecie. Badaniu poddane zostały wyniki finansowe „Gazety Wyborczej” w odniesieniu do przychodów w latach 2014–2021, liczba nakładów wydań papierowych tytułu oraz liczba subskrypcji serwisu wyborcza.pl w latach 2014–2021, a także przeprowadzono wywiady pogłębione z pracownikami „Gazety Wyborczej”
Polarization in the Turkish Press: Framing the Social Movement in Iran
No full textThis study examines the framing of the social movement in Iran launched on 29 December 2017, by analyzing the news texts of six national Turkish newspapers. It discusses the movement in the context of news framing, focusing on problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and treatment recommendation. The findings suggest that each newspaper has reported the social movement in Iran quite differently. The most obvious difference is that the left-wing, anti-government press mainly explained the events in terms of political, economic, and social factors while the right-wing, pro-government press attributed the events to ‘foreign forces’ and reflected the dominant discourse of political power while framing the news. Thus, the way Turkish newspapers frame a social movement outside the country reveals the intense polarization in the Turkish press
Journalists under attack: self-censorship as an unperceived method for avoiding hostility
No full textThis study investigates journalists’ self-censorship and introduces a phenomenon of unperceived collective self-censorship that demands a combination of detection methods. We conducted a content analysis of media critique texts (N=156) that discuss attacks on Estonian journalism. These results were combined with the content analysis of journalistic roles in the news (N=2409) and a survey on journalists (N=99) and completed with semi-structured interviews (N=14). The findings showed that accusations against journalists were frequently related to discourses regarding journalists’ interventionist or watchdog roles. Juxtaposing these results with quantitative data, it became evident that when aspects of interventionist and watchdog roles were criticized in the media texts, the performance of these roles decreased in the news. However, journalists’ self-assessment does not show the perception of this change. We argue that self-censorship was created unknowingly within the newsroom. External pressures – such as politically motivated attacks on journalism – may promote unperceived self-censorship
Problem stronniczości w ocenie dzieł popkultury stworzonych z wykorzystaniem sztucznej inteligencji. Analiza porównawcza Konkursu Piosenki Eurowizji i AI Song Contest (2020-2022)
No full textThe author of this article examines ways to minimize bias in the evaluation of songs created using artificial intelligence using the AI Song Contest as an example. She compares the voting procedures between the AI Song Contest and the Eurovision Song Contest and formulates a hypothesis that both contests have similar voting mechanisms and introduce mechanisms to reduce bias. However, the solutions used by AI Song Contest organizers seeking to reduce the impact of bias on the voting outcome are more effective. This is due to the use of more advanced technological barriers. The study was conducted using process tracing and qualitative content analysis methods and covered the first three editions of the AI Song Contest from 2020 to 2022. The research process asked the following research questions: 1) What similarities, in terms of organizing the winner selection procedure, and what differences exist between the AI Song Contest and the Eurovision Song Contest? 2) How do the organizers of the AI Song Contest seek to reduce the impact of biased behavior in the voting procedure? Based on these questions, a research process was conducted that positively verified the hypothesis. Comparative research provides insights into how to increase impartiality in the evaluation of musical works, through the use of technological solutions.Autorka artykułu bada sposoby minimalizowania stronniczości w ocenie piosenek stworzonych przy użyciu sztucznej inteligencji na przykładzie AI Song Contest. Porównuje procedury głosowania w AI Song Contest i Konkursem Piosenki Eurowizji oraz formułuje hipotezę, że oba konkursy mają podobne mechanizmy głosowania oraz wprowadzają mechanizmy ograniczające stronniczość. Jednak rozwiązania, które stosują organizatorzy AI Song Contest, dążąc do zmniejszenia wpływu stronniczych zachowań na wynik głosowania, są efektywniejsze. Wynika to z zastosowania bardziej zaawansowanych barier technologicznych. Badanie zostało przeprowadzone za pomocą metod: process tracing oraz jakościowej analizy treści i obejmowało trzy pierwsze edycje AI Song Contest w latach 2020–2022. W procesie badawczym postawiono następujące pytania badawcze: 1) jakie podobieństwa w zakresie organizowania procedury wyłaniającej zwycięzców, a jakie różnice występują pomiędzy AI Song Contest a Konkursem Piosenki Eurowizji? 2) w jaki sposób organizatorzy AI Song Contest dążą do ograniczenia wpływu zachowań stronniczych w procedurze głosowania? W oparciu o te pytania przeprowadzono proces badawczy, który pozytywnie zweryfikował hipotezę. Badania porównawcze dostarczają wiedzy, w jaki sposób zwiększyć bezstronność w ocenie utworów muzycznych poprzez zastosowanie rozwiązań technologicznych
Changes in Crisis Management PR and Digital PR Caused by the COVID-19 Pandemic
No full textThis article aims to show to what extent and in which areas the COVID-19 pandemic changed the services available on the public relations (PR) market. In particular, the paper focuses on crisis management and digital PR. The article was based on data obtained from 242 PR specialists. The research was carried out using the CAWI technique in the period April-May 2020, during the largest lockdown restrictions that were recorded in Poland in connection with the coronavirus pandemic. The collected data enabled the verification of a hypotheses stating that during the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland, the role of those two PR task spheres was strengthened
The Metaverse as a promise of a bright future? Social interactions in a world of isolation: 12 March 2022, online workshop; 29th IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality + 3D User Interfaces
No full textReport from the conference organized at the University of Warsaw on 12 March 2022.
Three publications competing for the Media and Democracy Karol Jakubowicz Award 2023
No full textPublications by scholars from Europe which are nominated for 2023 Edition of the Media and Democracy Karol Jakubowicz Award
