The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI
SOKENDAI Institutional Repository (Graduate University for Advanced Studies)Not a member yet
5669 research outputs found
Sort by
The Introduction of Chinese-Translated Western Books and the Development of Japanese Medicine during the Late Edo Period: Focusing on the Cholera Outbreaks in the Ansei Era
Full text linkapplication/pdf幕末期、安政年間に発生した前例のない規模のコレラ流行は、数万人に及ぶ犠牲者を出した。その甚大な人的犠牲と未知の疫病による恐怖は、日本社会に深刻な影響を与えたと思われる。医療水準の欠如と衛生行政が整備されていなかった幕末において、当初に有效な対策が講じられず、結局蔓延を阻止できない事態に陥ってしまった。これにより、人々の不安や恐怖が増大し、社会全体に混乱をもたらした。その後、幕府が緊急措置として蘭方医学の禁を解き、オランダ軍医ポンペ著『転寝の夢』や、緒方洪庵が訳した『虎狼痢治准』など蘭方医学書の翻訳・紹介を進めた。また、中国から伝来したイギリス宣教師ホブソン（合信）による『西医略論』『内科新説』『婦嬰新説』などの医学に関わる漢訳洋書も積極的に導入し、コレラ治療の良方を求めて外部に働きかけた。これらの取り組みにより、比較的に有効な治療法の模索に着手することで人々の命を救い、コレラ流行の勢いを一定程度抑制することができた。幕末におけるコレラ流行期間の書籍の交流と医療実践の過程において、注目すべき点が二つある。まず、西洋由来のキニーネや芳香散が幕末期のコレラの治療薬として次々に登場し、論争が展開される中で、コレラ治療薬品の交替と更新が繰り広げられることとなった。これは幕末の日本社会において伝統的な漢方医学の限界とその信頼の失墜が見られたことである。それに伴い、西洋医学がより広く普及し、即効性のあるとして採用され、その応用にも拍車をかけることになった。第二に、漢訳洋書の日本社会における広範な流通と医療現場での応用があった。これらの書籍は漢訳されているために読みやすく、理解しやすい形式であり、さらにイギリス宣教師であるホブソンが中国でのコレラ治療の実地経験を含んでいたため、西洋医学知識の浸透が進んだと考えられる。すなわち、漢訳洋書がコレラ流行期に伝来することで、日本社会における西洋医学基礎知識の心理的準備と実践の基盤を築くことに寄与し、二者が相互に補完し合う形で、幕末期の日本が西洋医学知識を積極的に受け入れるきっかけとなったのである。幕末期の漢訳洋書の普及と応用は、日本の医療発展に対して深遠な影響を与えた。こうした一連の変化は、日本社会が新たな西洋医学知識を受容する契機ともなり、明治維新以降に本格的に洋学を学ぶための重要な過渡期を形成した。The unprecedented cholera outbreak that occurred during the Ansei era of the late Edo period resulted in tens of thousands of deaths. The significant loss of life and the fear stemming from an unknown epidemic profoundly impacted Japanese society. Due to the low levels of medical standards and the absence of well-established health administration at the time, effective measures were not initially taken, ultimately leading to an inability to contain the spread of the disease. This situation exacerbated people’s anxiety and fear, resulting in widespread social turmoil. Subsequently, the shogunate lifted the ban on Dutch medicine as an emergency measure, facilitating the translation and introduction of Dutch medical texts, including The Dream of Sleep by Dutch military physician Pompe van Meerdervoort and Guidelines for Treating Cholera, translated by Ogata Koan. Additionally, Chinese translations of Western medical texts by British missionary Benjamin Hobson (He Xin), such as A Brief Outline of Western Medicine, New Treatise on Internal Medicine, and New Treatise on Women and Infants, were actively introduced in the search for effective cholera treatments. These efforts led to the exploration of relatively effective treatment methods, saving lives and curbing the momentum of the cholera outbreak somewhat. Two notable points emerge from the exchange of books and medical practices during the cholera outbreak in the late Edo period. First, quinine and spiritus aromaticus of Western origin began to appear as treatment options for cholera, sparking debates and leading to the replacement and updating of cholera treatments, which illustrated the limitations and declining trust in traditional Chinese medicine within Japanese society during this period. Consequently, Western medicine gained wider acceptance and was adopted for its immediate effectiveness, further accelerating its application. Second, the widespread circulation of Chinese-translated Western texts and their application in medical practice within Japanese society played a significant role. These texts were rendered into Chinese, making them accessible and understandable. Furthermore, as they included Hobson’s practical experiences in treating cholera in China, it is believed that they contributed to the penetration of Western medical knowledge. In other words, the arrival of Chinese-translated Western texts during the cholera outbreak helped establish a psychological preparedness and practical foundation for western medical knowledge within Japanese society, prompting an active acceptance of western medical knowledge during the late Edo period. The dissemination and application of Chinese-translated Western texts during this time had a profound impact on the development of medicine in Japan. This series of changes also served as a catalyst for Japanese society to accept new western medical knowledge, forming a crucial transitional period for the comprehensive study of Western learning following the Meiji Restoration.departmental bulletin pape
Phenomenological Turbulent Modeling of Core-Collapse Supernovae
Full text link総合研究大学院大学博士（理学）application/pdf総研大甲第2553号doctoral thesi
A Study of Sutra Containers in the Kinki Region
Full text linkapplication/pdf近畿は経塚の集中地域であり、早くから研究が行われてきた。従来の経塚研究の中心は、青銅製経筒やその銘文研究であったが、攪乱や盗掘を受けて遺跡の当初の姿が明らかにできない経塚が多くを占めている。遺物が散逸しており、研究の進む青銅製経筒が未発見な経塚においても、陶器系や土器系の容器が出土する経塚がみられる。本論はこうした陶器系・土器系経容器に焦点を当て、これらの経容器から経塚の造営実態や位置付けなどを明らかにすることを目的として検討を行ったものである。これまでの研究の状況から、地域性、時期（時代性）、階層差（造営主体）の3点の解明を中心に検討を行った。
まず、材質別に分布傾向を確認し、陶製経容器を多く使用する山城周辺と伊勢地域でも分布傾向が異なることを確認した。さらに、先学でも指摘された須恵器系容器を使用する播磨周辺、土師質容器が主体の丹後周辺の地域的傾向を再確認した。
その後、専用品経容器のうち、陶製経容器、瓦質経容器、石製経容器の考察を行った。陶製経容器では形態分類を行って属性を分析し、器高や口縁部形態に時期的な特徴が反映されることを確認した。時期的な変化の検討では、紀年銘を有する資料を中心に口径・底径と最大径の差を数値的に分析することで器形の変化を明らかにした。瓦質経容器は、製作技法によって4種類に分類でき土器工人と瓦工人による製作技法の差を明確にし、陶製との比較によって粗製品と捉えられてきた瓦質経容器にも瓦工人によって製作された精製品といえるものがあることを明らかにした。また、精製品の一群の出土地が山城周辺や紀伊を中心としていることから京周辺で用いられた可能性を指摘した。さらに、ミガキ調整が施された一群が経筒として使用されたことを指摘し、先学に指摘された青銅製経筒の模倣として使用されたことを裏付けた。これらの検討を総合して、陶製経容器（三筋文）、陶製経容器（無文）、瓦質経容器の消費地での編年を提示し、併せて階層差を含めた各容器の位置付けを提示した。
経塚からみた地域性の検討では、京周辺と東海西部の両地域と類似した地域性を示す伊勢地域についての検討を中心に行った。それぞれの地域と比較検証し、伊勢の中心部が類似した傾向を示す京周辺と東海西部の経塚とは異なる独自の地域性を持つことを明らかにした。こうしたことから、近畿の経塚は「京の経塚」、「伊勢の地域」、「播州の経塚」、「三丹の経塚」の4つの地域に分けられることが明らかになった。
以上の検討によって、陶器系・土器系経容器から遺跡の造営実態や位置付けが可能となった。The Kinki region has a high concentration of sutra mounds which have long been the subject of research. Although the focus of traditional sutra mound research has been on bronze sutra cases and inscriptions, there are many sutra mounds that have been disturbed or looted and the original appearance of the sites cannot be determined. There are sutra mounds where ceramic or earthenware vessels have been excavated, but bronze items have not been found. This paper focuses on ceramic and earthenware sutra vessels and seeks to clarify the construction and positioning of sutra mounds. The study focuses on elucidating three points: regional, timing, and hierarchical differences.
Research on the distribution trends by material confirmed that there are differences in distribution trends between the Yamashiro and Ise areas, where ceramic sutra vessels were mainly used. The study also reconfirmed the previously noted regional trends in the Harima area and the Tango area; the former is known to have abundant Sue ware, and the latter earthenware.
Ceramic sutra vessels, tiled sutra vessels, and stone sutra vessels were then considered. The ceramic sutra vessels were classified according to their morphology to determine the respective attributes, which confirmed that the height of the vessel and the shape of the mouth rim reflect the characteristics of the period. In examining the changes in the temporal characteristics, the author clarified the changes in vessel shape by numerically analyzing the differences between the diameter of the vessel mouth and the largest diameter and between the diameter of the vessel base and largest diameter of the vessel that has period inscriptions. The comparison with ceramics revealed that some tiled sutra vessels, which have been regarded as crude products, can be regarded as fine products made by tile workers. The study addressed the production techniques of earthenware and tile workers. The author also points out that a group of refined vessels may have been used around Kyoto, as their places of origin are concentrated around the Yamashiro and Kii areas. Furthermore, a group of refined vessels were found to have been used as sutra cases, which confirmed that the tiled sutra vessels were imitations of bronze outer containers, which was pointed out by an earlier researcher. This paper presents the chronology of ceramic and tiled sutra vessels according to the area of consumption and the positioning of each vessel, including hierarchical differences.
Examination of regional characteristics revealed that Ise has its own unique regional characteristics. Sutra mounds in the Kinki region can be divided into four regions: the Miyako-area, the Ise-area, the Banshu-area, and the Santan-area.
The above research has made it possible to determine the conditions of construction and positioning of sites based on ceramic and earthenware sutra vessels.departmental bulletin pape
Construction of Narain Conformal Field Theories from Error-Correcting Codes and Lattices over Integers of Number Fields
Full text link総合研究大学院大学博士（理学）application/pdf総研大甲第2566号doctoral thesi
Coevolution of Planetary Environments Driven by Photosynthetic Organisms and Prospects for Exoplanetary Life Exploration: Establishing Biosignature Assessment Indicators Based on NPQ-Induced Thermal Dissipation Contributions to Radiative Equilibrium and Seasonal Variations in the Red-Edge Signal of Floating Vegetation
Full text link総合研究大学院大学博士（理学）application/pdf総研大甲第2587号doctoral thesi
Efficient and Adaptive Object Detection Systems for Maritime Mobile Environments
Full text link総合研究大学院大学博士（情報学）application/pdf総研大甲第2575号doctoral thesi
Study of neoclassical transport characteristics by Monte Carlo method in the CFQS quasi-axisymmetric stellarator
Full text link総合研究大学院大学博士（理学）application/pdf総研大甲第2601号doctoral thesi
Numerical Studies of Non-perturbative Dynamics in IKKT and BFSS Matrix Models
Full text link総合研究大学院大学博士（理学）application/pdf総研大甲第2605号doctoral thesi
Efficient and Expressive Logic Program Synthesis with Inductive Inference
Full text link総合研究大学院大学博士（情報学）application/pdf総研大甲第2616号doctoral thesi