Journal of Next-Generation Research 5.0
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Four-days-a-week antiretroviral maintenance therapy in virologically controlled HIV-1-infected adults: the ANRS 162-4D trial
No full textInternational audienceBackground:Intermittent treatment could improve the convenience, tolerability and cost of ART, as well as patients' quality of life. We conducted a 48 week multicentre study of a 4-days-a-week antiretroviral regimen in adults with controlled HIV-1-RNA plasma viral load (VL).Methods:Eligible patients were adults with VL 90%, with a power of 87% and a 5% type 1 error. The study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02157311) and EudraCT (2014-000146-29).Results:One hundred patients (82 men), median age 47 years (IQR 40-53), were included. They had been receiving ART for a median of 5.1 (IQR 2.9-9.3) years and had a median CD4 cell count of 665 (IQR 543-829) cells/mm3. The ongoing regimen included PI/r in 29 cases and NNRTI in 71 cases. At 48 weeks, 96% of participants (95% CI 90%-98%) had no failure while remaining on the 4-days-a-week regimen. Virological failure occurred in three participants, who all resumed daily treatment and became resuppressed. One participant stopped the strategy. No severe treatment-related events occurred.Conclusions:Antiretroviral maintenance therapy 4 days a week was effective for 48 weeks in 96% of patients, leading to potential reduction of long-term toxicities, high adherence to the antiretroviral regimen and drug cost saving
Development of labyrinths on Titan: A numerical model based on surface dissolution
No full textInternational audienceTitan in a Earth-like world with active erosion processes based on the interaction of liquid methane with solid organics and ices at the surface, which shapes the landscapes over geological timescales.</p
Towards Context & Climate Sensitive Urban Design: An integrated simulation and parametric design approach
No full textInternational audienceCities all over the world are redefining their urban landscapes with new buildings integrated within existing environments. Due to the dearth of climate and context consideration, as well as the lack of interoperability of existing design tools, buildings are mostly designed as stand-alone entities which limits their potential utilisation of natural resources and potentially affect existing buildings' performance and outdoor microclimate conditions. To overcome these limitations, an integrated simulation and parametric design approach was developed. This paper presents the qualitative outcomes of the workshop that investigated the usability and appropriateness of the urban modelling, simulation and design platform prototype which embeds the approach. Workshop participants appraised the integrated features of the prototype and emphasised its potential to promote optimised integrated urban designs that consider the users, the buildings, their surroundings and the microclimate as elements of the same system that sustainably adapt to and mitigate the effects of climate change
Sulfur isotope's signal of nanopyrites enclosed in 2.7 Ga stromatolitic organic remains reveal microbial sulfate reduction
No full textInternational audienceMicrobial sulfate reduction (MSR) is thought to have operated very early on Earth and is often invoked to explain the occurrence of sedimentary sulfides in the rock record. Sedimentary sulfides can also form from sulfides produced abiotically during late diagenesis or metamorphism. As both biotic and abiotic processes contribute to the bulk of sedimentary sulfides, tracing back the original microbial signature from the earliest Earth record is challenging. We present in situ sulfur isotope data from nanopyrites occurring in carbonaceous remains lining the domical shape of stromatolite knobs of the 2.7‐Gyr‐old Tumbiana Formation (Western Australia). The analyzed nanopyrites show a large range of δ34S values of about 84‰ (from −33.7‰ to +50.4‰). The recognition that a large δ34S range of 80‰ is found in individual carbonaceous‐rich layers support the interpretation that the nanopyrites were formed in microbial mats through MSR by a Rayleigh distillation process during early diagenesis. An active microbial cycling of sulfur during formation of the stromatolite may have facilitated the mixing of different sulfur pools (atmospheric and hydrothermal) and explain the weak mass independent signature (MIF‐S) recorded in the Tumbiana Formation. These results confirm that MSR participated actively to the biogeochemical cycling of sulfur during the Neoarchean and support previous models suggesting anaerobic oxidation of methane using sulfate in the Tumbiana environment
Industrialiser l’éducation. Anthologie commentée (1913-2012) sous la direction de Moeglin Pierre
No full textInternational audienc
A SAS macro to estimate Average Treatment Effects with Propensity Score Matching
No full textThis paper presents a SAS macro to estimate the Average Treatment Effect (ATE) and the Average Treatment Effect for the Treated (ATET) based on propensity score with nearest neighbor matching. The robust standard errors derived in Abadie and Imbens (2016) are computed
Beyond nutrient-based food indices: a data mining approach to search for a quantitative holistic index reflecting the degree of food processing and including physicochemical properties
No full textin pressProcessing has major impacts on both the structure and composition of food and hence on nutritional value. In particular, high consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) is associated with increased risks of obesity and diabetes. Unfortunately, existing food indices only focus on food nutritional content while failing to consider either food structure or the degree of processing. The objectives of this study were thus to link non-nutrient food characteristics (texture, water activity (aw), glycemic and satiety potentials (FF), and shelf life) to the degree of processing; search for associations between these characteristics with nutritional composition; search for a holistic quantitative technological index; and determine quantitative rules for a food to be defined as UPF using data mining. Among the 280 most widely consumed foods by the elderly in France, 139 solid/semi-solid foods were selected for textural and aw measurements, and classified according to three degrees of processing. Our results showed that minimally-processed foods were less hyperglycemic, more satiating, had better nutrient profile, higher aw, shorter shelf life, lower maximum stress, and higher energy at break than UPFs. Based on 72 food variables, multivariate analyses differentiated foods according to their degree of processing. Then technological indices including food nutritional composition, aw, FF and textural parameters were tested against technological groups. Finally, a LIM score (nutrients to limit) ≥8 per 100 kcal and a number of ingredients/additives >4 are relevant, but not sufficient, rules to define UPFs. We therefore suggest that food health potential should be first defined by its degree of processing
SIR model with time dependent infectivity parameter : approximating the epidemic attractor and the importance of the initial phase.
No full textWe consider a SIR model with birth and death terms and time-varying infectivity parameter β (t). In the particular case of a sinusoidal parameter, we show that the average Basic Reproduction Number ¯ R o , introduced in [Bacaër & Guernaoui, 2006], is not the only relevant parameter and we emphasize the rôle played by the initial phase, the amplitude and the period. For a (general) periodic infectivity parameter β (t) a periodic orbit exists, as already proved in [Katriel, 2014]. In the case of a slowly varying β (t) an approximation of such a solution is given, which is shown to be asymptotically stable under an extra assumption on the slowness of β (t). For a non necessarily periodic β (t) , all the trajectories of the system are proved to be attracted into a tubular region around a suitable curve, which is then an approximation of the underlying attractor. Numerical simulations are given
Cyanobacterial formation of intracellular Ca-carbonates in undersaturated solutions
No full textInternational audienceCyanobacteria have long been thought to induce the formation of Ca-carbonates as secondary by-products of their metabolic activity, by shifting the chemical composition of their extracellular environment to conditions favoring mineral precipitation. Some cyanobacterial species forming Ca-carbonates intracellularly were recently discovered. However, the environmental conditions under which this intracellular biomineralization process can occur and the impact of cyanobacterial species forming Ca-carbonates intracellularly on extracellular carbonatogenesis are not known. Here, we show that these cyanobacteria can form Ca-carbonates intracellularly while growing in extracellular solutions undersaturated with respect to all Ca-carbonate phases, that is, conditions thermodynamically unfavorable to mineral precipitation. This shows that intracellular Ca-carbonate biomineralization is an active process; that is, it costs energy provided by the cells. The cost of energy may be due to the active accumulation of Ca intracellularly. Moreover, unlike cyanobacterial strains that have been usually considered before by studies on Ca-carbonate biomineralization, cyanobacteria forming intracellular carbonates may slow down or hamper extracellular carbonatogenesis, by decreasing the saturation index of their extracellular solution following the buffering of the concentration of extracellular calcium to low levels
A new interpolation technique to deal with fluid-porous media interfaces for topology optimization of heat transfer
No full textInternational audienceThis paper proposes a new interpolation technique based on density approach to solve topology optimization problems for heat transfer. Problems are modeled under the assumptions of steady-state laminar flow using the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations coupled to the convection-diffusion equation through the Boussinesq approximation. The governing equations are discretized using finite volume elements and topology optimization is performed using adjoint sensitivity analysis. Material distribution and effective conductivity are interpolated by two sigmoid functions respectively h τ (α) and k τ (α) in order to provide a continuous transition between the solid and the fluid domains. Comparison with standard interpolation function of the literature (RAMP function) shows a smaller transition zone between the fluid and the solid thereby, avoiding some regularization techniques. In order to validate the new method, numerical applications are investigated on some cases from the literature, namely the single pipe and the bend pipe. Lastly, as two new parameters are introduced thanks to the interpolation functions, we study their impact on results of the optimization problem. The study shows that the proposed technique is a viable approach for designing geometries and fluid-porous media interfaces are well-defined