Journal of Next-Generation Research 5.0
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Derrière l'utopie du jardin collectif, la complexité d'un projet social, technique et politique
No full textInternational audienceAbstract: While community and allotment gardens can be handled as low cost settlements, as a spontaneous movement of citizens who re-appropriate urban spaces, or as a naïve political object, this paper shows that projects of collective gardens actually refer to a complex process crystallizing various political, technical and social issues. Through the analysis of interactions among stakeholders involved in creation of collective gardens, we show successive redefinitions of the project, based on compromises on materiality, functions and uses of the place between public and community actors, inhabitants, and landlords. Collective garden thus appear as complex urban objects which require an increasing role of professional and experts in social mediation and landscape design, and as highly politicized objects for public and community actors involved. Highlighting this politicization and professionalization, we point out risks of standardization of collective gardens models, which could go against social aspirations.Alors que le jardin collectif, partagé ou familial, peut être perçu comme un aménagement à moindre coût, comme une démarche spontanée de réappropriation de l'espace par des citoyens ou encore comme un objet politique naïf, cet article montre qu'il s'agit d'un projet, processus social et technique plus complexe qui cristallise divers enjeux politiques, techniques et sociaux. L'analyse des dynamiques d'acteurs impliqués dans la création de jardins collectifs révèle des requalifications successives du projet, dans le compromis sur la matérialité, les fonctions du jardin et les usages de l'espace entre collectivités, partenaires locaux associatifs, habitants-futurs jardiniers, bailleurs et aménageurs. Le jardin collectif se présente ainsi comme un objet urbain complexe qui mobilise le recours à une expertise de la médiation sociale et paysagère, et comme un objet politique fort pour les acteurs publics et associatifs impliqués. À la lumière de cette mise en politique et de cette professionnalisation des acteurs médiateurs, nous pointons les risques d'une normalisation des modèles de jardins collectifs pouvant aller à l'encontre des aspirations sociales des habitants
Quaternion-Based Texture Analysis of Multiband Satellite Images: Application to the Estimation of Aboveground Biomass in the East Region of Cameroon
No full textInternational audienceWithin the last decade, several approaches using quaternion numbers to handle and model multiband images in a holistic manner were introduced. The qua-ternion Fourier transform can be efficiently used to model texture in multidimen-sional data such as color images. For practical application, multispectral satellite data appear as a primary source for measuring past trends and monitoring changes in forest carbon stocks. In this work, we propose a texture-color descriptor based on the quaternion Fourier transform to extract relevant information from multiband satellite images. We propose a new multiband image texture model extraction, called FOTO++, in order to address biomass estimation issues. The first stage consists in removing noise from the multispectral data while preserving the edges of canopies. Afterward, color texture descriptors are extracted thanks to a discrete form of the quaternion Fourier transform, and finally the support vector regression method is used to deduce biomass estimation from texture indices. Our texture features are modeled using a vector composed with the radial spectrum coming from the amplitude of the quaternion Fourier transform. We conduct several experiments in order to study the sensitivity of our model to acquisition parameters. We also assess its performance both on synthetic images and on real multispectral images of Cameroo-nian forest. The results show that our model is more robust to acquisition parameters than the classical Fourier Texture Ordination model (FOTO). Our scheme is also more accurate for aboveground biomass estimation. We stress that a similar methodology could be implemented using quaternion wavelets. These results highlight the potential of the quaternion-based approach to study multispectral satellite images
Implementation of laparoscopy surgery training via simulation in a low-income country
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Virologic Response to Early Antiretroviral Therapy in HIV-infected Infants: Evaluation After 2 Years of Treatment in the Pediacam Study, Cameroon
No full textInternational audienceIntroduction: Little is known about virologic responses to early antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV-infected infants in resource-limited settings. We estimated the probability of achieving viral suppression within 2 years of ART initiation and investigated the factors associated with success. Methods: We analyzed all 190 infants from the Cameroon Pediacam who initiated ART by 12 months of age. The main outcome measure was viral suppression (<1000 copies/mL) on at least 1 occasion; the other outcome measures considered were viral suppression (<400 copies/mL) on at least 1 occasion and confirmed viral suppression (both thresholds) on 2 consecutive occasions. We used competing-risks regression for a time-to-event analysis to estimate the cumulative incidence of outcomes and univariate and multivariate models to identify risk factors. Results: During the first 24 months of ART, 20.0% (38) of the infants died, giving a mortality rate of 11.9 deaths per 100 infant-years (95% confidence interval: 8.1-15.7). The probability of achieving a viral load below 1000 or 400 copies/mL was 80.0% (69.0-81.0) and 78.0% (66.0-79.0), respectively. The probability of virologic suppression (with these 2 thresholds) on 2 consecutive occasions was 67.0% (56.0-70.0) and 60.0% (49.0-64.0), respectively. Virologic success was associated with not having missed any doses of treatment before the visit, but not with socioeconomic and living conditions. Conclusion: Many early treated children failed to achieve virologic suppression, likely due to a combination of adherence difficulties, drug dosing and viral resistance, which highlights the need for routine viral load monitoring. The high infant mortality despite early ART initiation needs to be addressed in sub-Saharan countries
Approche comparative des perceptions de la diversité culturelle en milieu scolaire à Madagascar et à La Réunion
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The Flavonoid Isoquercitrin Precludes Initiation of Zika Virus Infection in Human Cells
No full textInternational audienceThe medical importance of Zika virus (ZIKV) was fully highlighted during the recent epidemics in South Pacific islands and Americas due to ZIKV association with severe damage to fetal brain development and neurological complications in adult patients. A worldwide research effort has been undertaken to identify effective compounds to prevent or treat ZIKV infection. Fruits and vegetables may be sources of compounds with medicinal properties. Flavonoids are one class of plant compounds that emerge as promising antiviral molecules against ZIKV. In the present study, we demonstrated that flavonoid isoquercitrin exerts antiviral activity against African historical and Asian epidemic strains of ZIKV in human hepatoma, epithelial, and neuroblastoma cell lines. Time-of-drug addition assays showed that isoquercitrin acts on ZIKV entry by preventing the internalisation of virus particles into the host cell. Our data also suggest that the glycosylated moiety of isoquercitrin might play a role in the antiviral effect of the flavonoid against ZIKV. Our results highlight the importance of isoquercitrin as a promising natural antiviral compound to prevent ZIKV infection
A new perspective on triatomic molecules: The example of HCO+ and HOC+
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