Journal of Next-Generation Research 5.0
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NI956/QGC006, a Potent Orally Active, Brain-Penetrating Aminopeptidase A Inhibitor for Treating Hypertension
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Seasonality in the Δ<sup>33</sup>S measured in urban aerosols highlights an additional oxidation pathway for atmospheric SO<sub>2</sub>
No full textInternational audienceSulfates present in urban aerosols collected worldwide usually exhibit significant non-zero 33 S signatures (from −0.6 ‰ to 0.5 ‰) whose origin still remains unclear. To better address this issue, we recorded the seasonal variations of the multiple sulfur isotope compositions of PM 10 aerosols collected over the year 2013 at five stations within the Montreal Island (Canada), each characterized by distinct types and levels of pollution. The δ 34 S-values (n = 155) vary from 2.0 ‰ to 11.3 ‰ (±0.2 ‰, 2σ), the 33 S-values from −0.080 ‰ to 0.341 ‰ (±0.01 ‰, 2σ) and the 36 S-values from −1.082 ‰ to 1.751 ‰ (±0.2 ‰, 2σ). Our study ev-idences a seasonality for both the δ 34 S and 33 S, which can be observed either when considering all monitoring stations or, to a lesser degree, when considering them individually. Among them, the monitoring station located at the most western end of the island, upstream of local emissions, yields the lowest mean δ 34 S coupled to the highest mean 33 S-values. The 33 S-values are higher during both summer and winter, and are < 0.1 ‰ during both spring and autumn. As these higher 33 S-values are measured in "up-stream" aerosols, we conclude that the mechanism responsible for these highly positive S-MIF also occurs outside and not within the city, at odds with common assumptions. While the origin of such variability in the 33 S-values of urban aerosols (i.e. −0.6 ‰ to 0.5 ‰) is still subject to debate, we suggest that oxidation by Criegee radicals and/or photooxi-dation of atmospheric SO 2 in the presence of mineral dust may play a role in generating such large ranges of S-MIF
Intercomparison measurements of two 33 S-enriched sulfur isotope standards
No full textInternational audienceDespite widespread applications of sulfur isotope mass-independent fractionation (MIF) signals for probing terrestrial and extra-terrestrial environments, there has been no international sulfur isotope reference material available for normalization of D 33 S and D 36 S data. International reference materials to anchor isotope values are useful for interlaboratory data comparisons and are needed to evaluate, e.g., whether issues exist associated with blanks and mass spectrometry when using different analytical approaches. We synthesized two sodium sulfate samples enriched in 33 S with different magnitudes, and termed them S-MIF-1 and S-MIF-2, respectively. The sulfur isotopic compositions of these two samples were measured in five different laboratories using two distinct techniques to place them on the V-CDT scale for d 34 S and a provisional V-CDT scale for D 33 S and D 36 S. We obtained average d 34 S values of S-MIF-1 ¼ 10.26 AE 0.22& and S-MIF-2 ¼ 21.53 AE 0.26& (1s, versus V-CDT). The average D 33 S and D 36 S values of S-MIF-1 were determined to be 9.54 AE 0.09& and À0.11 AE 0.25&, respectively, while the average D 33 S and D 36 S values of S-MIF-2 are 11.39 AE 0.08& and À0.33 AE 0.13& (1s, versus V-CDT). The lack of variation among the interlaboratory isotopic values suggests sufficient homogeneity of S-MIF-1 and S-MIF-2, especially for D 33 S. Although additional measurements may be needed to ensure the accuracy of the isotopic compositions of S-MIF-1 and S-MIF-2, they can serve as working standards for routine D 33 S analysis to improve data consistency, and have the potential to serve as secondary sulfur isotope reference materials to address issues such as scale contraction/expansion and for normalization and reporting of D 33 S and D 36 S between laboratories. For the same reasons as listed for sulfur isotopes, the same standards were also artificially enriched in 17 O. The calibration is still in progress but first estimations gave D 17 O ¼ 3.3 AE 0.3& with unassigned d 18 O
La résolution de problèmes au cycle 3 : une gestion de l’hétérogénéité des élèves caractéristique des enseignants stagiaires
No full textInternational audienceAs part of our thesis, the aim of our research was to try to identify the professional competences (Altet, 1996 and 2009) that have been acquired or in the process of being acquired by new teachers during their training year. To do this, we observed six groups of three teachers, each composed of an experienced teacher and two trainees, through three organizational notions: task, time and teacher-students’ interactions management. We have identified among the teaching practices of the trainee teachers, relating to problem solving activities in Cycle 3 classes, organizers of typical practices that have an influence on students learning practices (in particular, the rate of students in the task). Some of these organizers are directly related to the management of class heterogeneity.Dans le cadre de notre thèse, notre objectif de recherche était de tenter d’identifier les compétences professionnelles (Altet, 1996 et 2009) acquises ou en cours d’acquisition des maîtres novices durant leur année de stagiarisation. Pour ce faire, nous avons observé six trinômes d’enseignants, composés chacun d’un maître expérimenté et de deux stagiaires, à travers trois dimensions organisatrices que sont la gestion de la tâche, du temps et des interactions maître-élèves. Nous avons repéré parmi les pratiques enseignantes des maîtres stagiaires, relatives à la résolution de problèmes au cycle 3, des organisateurs de pratiques typiques, ayant une influence sur les pratiques d’apprentissage des élèves (taux d’implication des élèves dans la tâche notamment). Ces organisateurs sont pour certains directement liés à la gestion de l’hétérogénéité de la classe
Évaluation de la qualité environnementale, du fonctionnement énergétique des espaces batis à Madagascar : application des outils de simulation sur un site universitaire d’Antsiranana
No full textThe building sector accounts for more than 50% of global energy consumption. This consumption has been increasing steadily over the last thirty years. The environmental impact of energy consumption in this sector is constantly changing despite the recommendations made during the COPs. These findings are valid for metropolitan France and also for Madagascar. Beyond the control of energy consumption, during the operating phase of a built space, we must also take into account the environmental impacts of the construction phase, particularly with regard to climate change indicators, resource management and pollution. This thesis is based on three concepts. First, it is about the analysis of material flows around their technical characteristics and their environmental and economic impacts during the construction of the built space. In a second step, our analysis focuses on the analysis of energy flows in order to know the energy and environmental signature of the functioning of the built space and the implementation of a time file reflecting the characteristics of energy consumption (Daily and annual consumption profile). Finally, we also discuss the problem of managing the distribution of electrical energy in a built-up area in order to size an renewable energy production system and a storage system and to smooth the consumption curve at the level of the distribution network.Le secteur du bâtiment participe à hauteur de plus de 50% de la consommation d’énergie à l’échelle mondiale. Cette consommation ne cesse d’augmenter depuis ces trente dernières années. L’impact environnemental de la consommation d’énergie au niveau de ce secteur est en évolution permanente malgré les recommandations prises durant les COP. Ces constatations sont valables pour la France métropolitaine et aussi pour le cas de Madagascar. Au-delà de la maitrise de la consommation d’énergie, en phase de fonctionnement d’un espace bâti, nous devons également prendre en compte les impacts environnementaux de la phase de construction notamment en ce qui concerne les indicateurs de changement climatique, des maitrises de ressources et de la pollution. Cette thèse s’articule autour de trois concepts. En premier lieu, il s’agit de l’analyse des flux matière autour de leurs caractéristiques techniques et de leurs impacts environnementaux et économiques lors de la construction de l’espace bâti. Dans un second temps, notre analyse se focalise sur l’analyse de flux d’énergie en vue de connaitre la signature énergétique et environnementale du fonctionnement de l’espace bâti et de la mise en œuvre d’un fichier horaire traduisant les caractéristiques de la consommation d’énergie (Profil de consommation journalier et annuel). En dernier lieu, nous abordons également la problématique du pilotage de la distribution de l’énergie électrique dans un espace bâti en vue de dimensionner un système de production d’EnR et un système de stockage et de lisser la courbe de consommation au niveau du réseau de distribution
Link stream graph for temporal recommendations
No full textSeveral researches on recommender systems are based on explicit rating data, but in many real world e-commerce platforms, ratings are not always available, and in those situations, recommender systems have to deal with implicit data such as users' purchase history, browsing history and streaming history. In this context, classical bipartite user-item graphs (BIP) are widely used to compute top-N recommendations. However, these graphs have some limitations, particularly in terms of taking temporal dynamic into account. This is not good because users' preference change over time. To overcome this limit, the Session-based Temporal Graph (STG) was proposed by Xiang et al. to combine long-and short-term preferences in a graph-based recommender system. But in the STG, time is divided into slices and therefore considered discontinuously. This approach loses details of the real temporal dynamics of user actions. To address this challenge, we propose the Link Stream Graph (LSG) which is an extension of link stream representation proposed by Latapy et al. and which allows to model interactions between users and items by considering time continuously. Experiments conducted on four real world implicit datasets for temporal recommendation, with 3 evaluation metrics, show that LSG is the best in 9 out of 12 cases compared to BIP and STG which are the most used state-of-the-art recommender graphs
The score of integrated disease surveillance and response adequacy (SIA): a pragmatic score for comparing weekly reported diseases based on a systematic review
No full textInternational audienceBACKGROUND:The Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR) strategy implemented by the World Health Organization (WHO) in Africa has produced a large amount of data on participating countries, and in particular on the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). These data are increasingly considered as unevaluable and, therefore, as requiring a rigorous process of validation before they can be used for research or public health purposes. The aim of this study was to propose a method to assess the level of adequacy of IDSR morbidity data in reflecting actual morbidity.METHODS:A systematic search of English- and French-language articles was performed in Scopus, Medline, Science Direct, Springer Link, Cochrane, Cairn, Persée, and Erudit databases. Other types of documents were identified through manual searches. Selected articles focused on the determinants of the discrepancies (differences) between reported morbidity and actual morbidity. An adequacy score was constructed using some of the identified determinants. This score was applied to the 15 weekly reported diseases monitored by IDSR surveillance in the DRC. A classification was established using the Jenks method and a sensitivity analysis was performed. Twenty-three classes of determinants were identified in 35 IDSR technical guides and reports of outbreak investigations and in 71 out of 2254 researched articles. For each of the 15 weekly reported diseases, the SIA was composed of 12 items grouped in 6 dimensions.RESULTS:The SIA classified the 15 weekly reported diseases into 3 categories or types: high score or good adequacy (value > = 14), moderate score or fair adequacy (value > = 8 and < 14), and low score or low or non-adequacy (value < 8). Regardless of the criteria used in the sensitivity analysis, there was no notable variation in SIA values or categories for any of the 15 weekly reported diseases.CONCLUSION:In a context of sparse health information in low- and middle-income countries, this study developed a score to help classify IDSR morbidity data as usable, usable after adjustment, or unusable. This score can serve to prioritize, optimize, and interpret data analyses for epidemiological research or public health purposes
L'habitude en droit
No full textInternational audienceLorsque l'habitude s'épaissit, s'abêtit, elle devient routine" écrivait Carbonnier. L'habitude constitue un penchant naturel qui nous enracine et contre lequel il paraît difficile de lutter. Il n'est d'ailleurs pas vain de questionner le phénomène car l'habitude peut être pernicieuse en ce qu'elle inhibe naturellement la créativité et réduit spontanément la liberté. L'habitude et le droit devaient ainsi se rencontrer pour se confronter. Alors que notre discipline juridique est particulièrement perméable à la créativité (entendue au sens d'une capacité à imaginer quelque chose de nouveau), les habitudes de pratiquer et de penser le droit se perpétuent pourtant avec une déroutante stabilité. Le colloque sur l'habitude en droit était donc l'occasion de s'interroger sur les rapports qu'entretiennent l'habitude et le droit. Comment l'habitude influe-t-elle sur la création du droit (première partie)? Comment l'habitude est-elle saisie par le droit (seconde partie)? Pour répondre à ces questions, l'ouvrage propose une réflexion menée à partir des différentes branches du droit sur la notion d'habitude, envisagée tant dans sa dimension collective qu'individuelle
Quelques aspects de la disparition du français dans la recherche scientifique
No full textInternational audienceDepuis plusieurs décennies, l'anglais a tendance à se substituer au français et aux autres langues dans les sciences « dures ». On aborde ici quelques aspects de ce problème. On recense d'abord les revues dont le nom en français a été remplacé par un nom en anglais ainsi que les revues qui, sans changer de nom, ont interdit les articles en français. On s'intéresse ensuite au pourcentage d'articles publiés en français dans les différentes sections des Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences entre 1981 et 2018. Puis on examine plus particulièrement le nombre d'articles de chimie en français dans la littérature scientifique. On étudie enfin les réactions des scientifiques et des institutions francophones à ces évolutions