Journal of Next-Generation Research 5.0
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Aïn Bou Rkhiss and Aïn KiBrit, two springs from the Merguellil Basin (Kairouan, central Tunisia): Diatom assemblages, Biological polluosensitivity índices, hydrogeology and societal aspects
No full text[Departement_IRSTEA]Eaux [ADD1_IRSTEA]Systèmes aquatiques soumis à des pressions multiplesInternational audienceSurveys of the diatom assemblages from Aïn Bou Rkhiss and Aïn Kibrit, two springs that flow out into the Merguellil Wadi, and Aïn Ben Ali, a well located a few kilometers to the east, in the same geological formations (Kairouan district, Central Tunisia), were conducted in 2014 and 2016. The aim of this study was to characterize the species diversity of these water points, establish their ecological status and test the water quality using diatom indices standardized in France [Biological Diatom Index (BDI) and Specific Polluosensitivity Index (SPI)]. Several physical-chemical parameters were measured in 2016. Aïn Bou Rkhiss and Aïn Kibrit are in close proximity to one another but differ in terms of their bio-geochemical characteristics and uses (drinking water for domestic use and sulfur-rich water). We discuss the population’s growing anxiety with respect to their water supply and explore the traditional knowledge concerning the region’s groundwater circulation. The BDI index, reveals a lower quality than that assumed by local users. This may be due to a lack of knowledge about some other local water supplies of good quality that would have served as reference, and inadequacy of these methods designed for European freshwaters without consideration of more southern diatoms. A new variety of Luticola is described
Exposure of breeding albatrosses to the agent of avian cholera: dynamics of antibody levels and ecological implications
No full textInternational audienceDespite critical implications for disease dynamics and surveillance in wild long-lived species, the immune response after exposure to potentially highly pathogenic bacterial disease agents is still poorly known. Among infectious diseases threatening wild populations, avian cholera, caused by the bacterium Pasteurella multocida, is a major concern. It frequently causes massive mortality events in wild populations, notably affecting nestlings of Indian yellow-nosed albatrosses (Tha-lassarche carteri) in the Indian Ocean. If adults are able to mount a long-term immune response, this could have important consequences regarding the dynamics of the pathogen in the local host community and the potential interest of vaccinating breeding females to transfer immunity to their offspring. By tracking the dynamics of antibodies against P. multocida during 4 years and implementing a vaccination experiment in a population of yellow-nosed albatrosses, we show that a significant proportion of adults were naturally exposed despite high annual survival for both vaccinated and non-vaccinated individuals. Adult-specific antibody levels were thus maintained long enough to inform about recent exposure. However, only low levels of maternal antibodies could be detected in nestlings the year following a vaccination of their mothers. A modification of the vaccine formulation and the possibility to re-vaccinate females 2 years after the first vaccination revealed that vaccines have the potential to elicit a stronger and more persistent response. Such results highlight the value of long-term observational and experimental studies of host exposure to infectious agents in the wild, where ecological and evolutionary processes are likely critical for driving disease dynamics
Cocconeis nosybetiana sp. nov. from Nosy Be Island (Madagascar) and allied taxa
No full textInternational audienceCocconeis nosybetiana sp. nov. is described from Nosy Be Island (Madagascar, IndianOcean). This taxon is characterized by its sternum valve (SV) with ‘diabolo-like’ areolae (hymenes/supported by two transapical pegs), by its round valve shape and its raphe valve valvocopula(RVVC) with irregular short fimbriae and simple papillae. The raphe valve (RV) of the new taxonshares many similarities with that of Cocconeis scutellum Ehrenberg, except for its RVVC. Com-parison of the new species with allied taxa, particularly C. scutellum var. posidoniae f. decussata,is provided. In this case, the two taxa mainly differ in the structure of the SV areolae, which havean apical complete bar in place of transapical short pegs in C. nosybetiana. Furthermore, the shapeof the valve, the RV stria density, as well as the fimbriae and papillae of the RVVC are differentbetween the two latter taxa. The role of recent EM technologies on the morphological discrimina-tion of close taxa is discussed
Mapping tropical coastal social-ecological systems using unmanned airborne vehicle (UAV)
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ESCAPE: Exploring by Simulation Cities Awareness on Population Evacuation
No full textInternational audiencePartial or total horizontal evacuation of populations in urban areas is an important protection measure against a natural or technological risk. However, casualties during massive displacement in a context of stress and in a potentially degraded environment may be high due to non-compliance with instructions, accidents, traffic jams, incivilities, lack of preparation of civil security or increased exposure to hazards. Working in evacuation plans is therefore fundamental in avoiding casualties caused by improvisation and in promoting self-evacuation whenever possible. Since it is impossible to recreate the conditions of a crisis on the ground to assess such evacuation plans, there is a need for realistic models in order to evaluate them using simulations. In this paper, we present the ESCAPE software framework that helps in the development of such plans and testing them. In particular, ESCAPE, which uses the GAMA open-source platform as a core component, provides an agent-based simulation tool that supports simulation of the evacuation of a city's population at fine temporal and geographical scales. The framework was developed such that it works for a wide range of scenarios, both in terms of hazards, geographical configurations, individual behaviors and crisis management. In order to show its adaptability, two applications are presented, one concerning the evacuation of the city of Rouen (France) in the context of a technological hazard and the other pertaining to the evacuation of the district of Hanoi (Vietnam) in the event of floods
Intérêt du dépistage du syndrome d'apnées du sommeil chez les malades rénaux chroniques
No full textINTRODUCTION. Sleep apnea (SA) has an increased prevalence. Some conditions are associated with high prevalence of SA, like hypertension, diabete mellitus or obesity. Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are not part of high risk-populations in french guidelines .This study aimed to determine the prevalence of SA in patients with CKD and his link with CKD severity in a Reunion Island hospital. MATERIAL AND METHOD. We retrospectively studied patients with CKD from stage 1 to 4 based on EDTA-measure of GFR, who underwent a night polygraphy recording. SA was defined as an Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) score ≥ 5 /H of sleep.RESULTS. 133 patient with chronic kidney disease from stage 1 to 4 where selected. A SA was found in 68 patients (51%). SA was predominantly obstructive (n = 60) and 47 patients (35%) had a moderate or severe SA (AHI > 15/ H). Male sex and age was significantly associated with SAS in univariate analysis. GFR was lower in the SA group than in the non-SA group (47.8 ± 19.6 vs. 59 ± 21.16 ml/min/1.73 m2, p 5/H.RÉSULTATS. 133 patients malades rénaux chroniques ont été inclus. Un SAS de tout stade confondu a été retrouvé chez 51% des patients (n=68), majoritairement obstructif (n=60) dont 47 patients (35%) présentant un SAS modéré à sévère (IAH > 15/H). Le sexe et l’âge étaient significativement associés au diagnostic de SAS. Le DFG était plus bas dans le groupe SAS que dans le groupe non SAS (47.8 ± 19.6 vs. 59 ± 21.16 ml/min/1.73m2, p<0 .01). Il n’y avait pas d’impact du SAS sur l’évolution de la fonction rénale à 1 an.CONCLUSION. Nous avons retrouvé une forte prévalence du SAS dans notre population. Une étude prospective permettrait de mieux caractériser les facteurs de risque qui y sont associés chez les malades rénaux chroniques, et ses conséquences sur le DFG et son déclin
Le prix de la transgression. Mises en dettes réciproques dans les relations extraconjugales en France et au Gabon
No full textInternational audienceL’article propose une analyse des modalités d’échanges intimes à l’intérieur des relations « adultères » en France et au Gabon. Il s’agit de mettre en évidence dans deux contextes culturels différents – l’un marqué par la norme monogame et l’autre par la co-existence de normes monogames et polygyniques – les systèmes de mise en dette d’hommes mariés (ou en union libre « compagne/compagnon » dans l’expression française) envers les femmes « libres » dans des relations extraconjugales. Le texte met en évidence des systèmes de relations entre les dettes morales et la sexualité extraconjugale (comprise au sens large). Il montre qu’en France la dette symbolique contractée par les hommes ne peut être « remboursée » que par leur séparation d’avec leur épouse, alors qu’au Gabon la dette symbolique envers la femme « de l’ombre » peut être abaissée par l’octroi d’une dot.The article analyses intimate exchange modalities within adulterous relationships in France and Gabon. The aim is to present the debt systems of married men (or ones in a committed relationship) towards “single” women in extramarital affairs, in two different cultural contexts – one lead by a monogamous norm and the other where both monogamy and polygamy are accepted. The text highlights the systems of interconnection between moral debts and extramarital sexuality (understood in a broad sense). It shows that in France, the symbolic debt that men have can only be repaid by divorce from the former spouse, while in Gabon, this symbolic debt toward the mistress can be repaid by giving her a dowry
Do forest-management plans and FSC certification reduce deforestation in the Congo basin?
No full textTo allow for the production of timber while preserving conservation values, forestry regulations in the Congo Basin have made Forest Management Plans (FMPs) mandatory in logging concessions. This paper uses original highresolution maps of forest-cover changes and official records on the activities of logging concessions to analyze the impact of FMPs on deforestation in this region. We apply quasi-experimental and difference-in-difference approaches to evaluate the change in deforestation in concessions that implemented an FMP. We find that between 2000 and 2010, deforestation was 74% lower in concessions with an FMP compared to others. Building on a theory of change, further analyses revealed that this decrease in deforestation takes at least five years to occur, and is highest around communities located in and nearby logging concessions and in areas close to previous deforestation. These findings suggest that FMPs reduce deforestation by allowing concessions to rotate cycles of timber extraction, thereby avoiding the overexploitation of areas that were previously logged, and by the better regulation of access to concessions by closing former logging roads to limit illegal activities such as slash and burn agriculture, hunting and the illegal harvest of timber or fuelwood