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Theory of change: Impact evaluation for information literacy research and practice
No full textThis chapter presents an argument for the adoption of the Theory of Change approach to impact evaluation to support information literacy modes of inquiry. There is increasing interest in evaluation of information literacy teaching development and research, and Theory of Change has been shown to provide a useful framework for evaluation. The chapter covers the principles of the design of Theory of Change from its beginnings as an approach to impact evaluation in community development projects, and how it can be used as a participatory and inclusive method to engage stakeholders in articulating the intended outcomes for a project, and how these should be achieved. Examples are provided of the use of Theory of Change to evaluate curriculum development projects and information literacy initiatives in a Higher Education context. The chapter concludes by asserting the value of Theory of Change for providing a standardized and shareable framework for articulating the value of information literacy initiatives
Conceptualising coercion in child/forced marriage through an intersectional lens: Narratives of survivors and practitioners in the US
No full textThis article examines the nature and the forms of coercion in the forced marriage of minors in the United States. We explore: (i) direct emotional or physical force exercised by parents which is commonly underpinned by dominant constructions of gender and sexuality, a well-rehearsed theme in existing scholarship; (ii) the hitherto unexamined role of intersecting socio-economic disadvantages in vitiating consent; and (iii) how state policies/practices create conducive contexts for child/forced marriage, which is elided in existing scholarship. In extending existing conceptualisations of coercion in child/forced marriage, we explicate the ‘total burden of coercion’ through a focus on the contexts within which consent is constructed at the intersection of social relations of power based on gender, age, race/ethnicity, poverty, sexuality, and state policy/practice. Our analysis also illuminates the complex nature of survivors’ girlhood decision-making in the face of coercive constraints within which their agential capacities are formulated and exercised, and risk negotiated and managed
Chinese and Japanese capitalisms: a comparative analysis of co-ordination problems in vehicle electrification paths
No full textThis article investigates the divergent automobile electrification trajectories of China and Japan, the world’s largest car exporters. Inspired by Regulation Theory approaches, it analyses how their capitalisms’ distinct configurations of socio-economic institutions, including state–economic relations, labour relations, inter-firm competition, financial regimes and the integration into the global economy, have produced different electrification approaches. Supported by Beijing’s de jure electrification strategies through state policies and regulations, China’s automakers have leapfrogged to all-spectrum green vehicles and battery components and dominated global battery electric vehicle production and supply chains. Meanwhile, de facto strategies have been dominant in Japan, where electrification emerged through enterprise-led initiatives and market competition. Japan’s automakers with globally diversified businesses have responded to vehicle demands and regulations of different markets, focusing on currently profitable hybrid electric vehicles, but have lagged in battery electric vehicle development, with limited backing from the state. This article argues that the divergent electrification paths are attributable to their capitalisms’ institutional architectures, which have caused distinctive co-ordination problems (excess capacity, weak consumption and geo-political tensions for China’s and Japan’s weakened public–private ties and corporate risk-taking). Amid geo-political tensions and competition over advanced technologies, major economies worldwide have increasingly favoured de jure strategies, enhancing de-globalisation risk
A brief history of (controversial) extrajudicial communication
No full textThis chapter presents a historical survey of controversial extrajudicial discourse in the area in which it arguably comes under greatest scrutiny, namely, discourse that relates to the political views, activities, and affiliation of judges. The chapter focuses on six judges who held office between the early modern period and the present day - Ellesmere, Coke, Hardwicke, Diplock, Denning, and Dilhorne - all of whom were active in extra-judicial discourse on politically sensitive or contested issues. It uses published and unpublished records of their activity to analyse how and why they engaged extrajudicially on controversial matters. I suggest that their extrajudicial communication falls into three broad types of activity which I term lobbying, evangelising, and problem-solving. The chapter concludes by arguing that the nature of the judicial role in the UK makes extrajudicial communication inevitable, including on controversial matters. History demonstrates that while this can raise genuine concerns, it can also be fundamental to the effective development of the legal system. The task for law is to manage the tensions created by the judiciary’s extrajudicial role, rather than seeking to avoid it altogether
Bubble population growth and gas release from packed beds of AW500 ion exchange pellets
No full textThis paper explores the phenomenon of in situ generated gas retention within densely packed cylindrical ion-exchange pellets. Initially, discrete element method (DEM) simulations were used to identify pertinent contact packing parameters, rigorously validated through packing experiments. Calibrated values for dynamic and static friction, and the coefficient of restitution were found in ranges of 0.8–1.0, 0–0.2, and 0–0.2, respectively, with the importance of dynamic friction highlighted. The DEM validation process achieved a packing fraction that exhibited < 4 % deviation from experimental data, with some cylinder alignment observed near the column base. Additionally, laboratory-scale gas generation tests were conducted to replicate the retention of hydrogen within densely packed beds, achieved through the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. X-ray computed tomography was then used to quantify bubble population size and growth within the beds. Experiments suggested a dynamic bed retention gas fraction of ∼7 %, which was produced within the first 30 min of generation. In parallel, CT imaging of the bubble populations indicated that large bubbles become less spherical over time, likely from pore invasion, partial cavity expansion and secondary coalescence. These mechanisms led to bubbles located in the upper portion of the bed being more likely to be released buoyantly, compared to those situated in the bed's lower regions. Overall, results indicate that the pore network channels within the pellet beds are large enough to achieve relatively steady gas release. These dynamics reduce the risk of sudden hydrogen rollover occurring industrially, particularly within the specialised context of nuclear waste management
"I feel full with shame":A qualitative perspective on gastric interoceptive sensibility
No full textBACKGROUND: "Am I hungry? Did I overeat at lunch?" Gastric interoception - the sensing, interpretation, and regulation of signals from the gastrointestinal system - is central to daily behavior and homeostasis. Dysfunctional gastric interoception has been proposed as a maintenance factor in both eating disorders and gastrointestinal symptoms. However, no qualitative research has explored how individuals across these groups, and the general population, subjectively experience gastrointestinal signals, known as gastric interoceptive sensibility. This study aimed to investigate how gastric sensations are sensed, interpreted, and regulated among individuals with eating disorders, gastric disorders, and those without such diagnoses, focusing on identifying shared experiences. METHODS: Fifteen semi-structured focus groups (n = 96) were conducted. Transcripts underwent hybrid deductive and inductive thematic analysis. FINDINGS: Four key themes were identified. In "Sensations in the Interoceptive Body", participants described hunger and fullness as physically aversive or reported an absence of cues related to satiation. "Perceiving the Interoceptive Body" captured the noticing, interpreting, attending to, and reacting to sensations of hunger, satiation, and fullness. In "Affective Experiences of the Interoceptive Body", participants discussed how these sensations influenced emotional states positively, negatively, or not at all. "Responding to the Interoceptive Body" described participants strategies relating to relief-seeking, compensation, acceptance, distraction, and body checking in response to gastric sensations. DISCUSSION: These findings shed light on the nuanced components of gastric interoceptive sensibility and suggest that individuals vary in how they experience and manage gastric signals. This work may inform interoceptive exposure therapies targeting maladaptive interpretations and regulation strategies in eating and gastrointestinal symptoms
Smokeless Tobacco and Oral Cancer in Global Perspective
No full textSmokeless Tobacco and Cancer in Global Perspective Despite use of smokeless tobacco products by more than 360 million people globally and increasing incidence of oral cancers, research and policies on these products have lagged behind those for cigarettes
A steady-state model for tilting pad journal bearings incorporating an analytical extension of the Sommerfeld solution
No full textAn analytical model for a tilting pad journal bearing has been developed by adapting a correction factor method previously used for standard journal bearings. The approach derives the Sommerfeld solution for an infinitely long tilting pad bearing and uses it to adjust the centerline pressure of an infinitely short bearing. This semi-analytical solution addresses a gap in the literature on finite-length tilting pad bearings. Analytical models offer valuable insights into variable interactions and enable faster computation, useful in systems with fluctuating loads, like energy transmission systems. Validation across varying journal speeds and load directions showed a maximum error of 23.5% on the most loaded pad, demonstrating the model’s usefulness in early-stage design, mapping operational envelopes, and assessing bearing suitability
Multiaxial notch fatigue of corroded cast iron pipes
No full textGrey Cast Iron (GCI) water pipes often develop localised corrosion pits that act as notches and can also experience biaxial fatigue stresses, resulting in a multiaxial notch fatigue problem. This paper experimentally investigates for the first time, the high-cycle fatigue sensitivity of GCI to localised notches, under bending and biaxal loading, and validates a multiaxial notch fatigue model for GCI. The work uses a recently developed, novel biaxial fatigue experiment to generate the first fatigue data for GCI featuring pit-like notches. Approximately 40 new fatigue tests were completed to calibrate and test four multiaxial notch fatigue models, and to investigate the effects of notch root radius, localised notches, bending loading, and biaxial loading. The data shows that pit-like notches can have a statistically significant influence on the fatigue strength of GCI when Kt,n > 4. Additionally, 180° out-of-phase biaxial loading was found to reduce the fatigue strength of un-notched specimens by 28 %. The Effective Volume notch fatigue model, coupled with the linear-elastic Smith-Watson-Topper criterion, was found to give good predictions for notched GCI pipes subject to uniaxial and bending loading. This work highlights the ability of the Effective Volume approach to make good fatigue life estimates for thin, notched components featuring inclusions, where critical distance-based approaches performed less well. Future work on similar problems may wish to consider this approach
