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Best Practices for Germicidal Ultraviolet-C Dose Measurement for N95 Respirator Decontamination
No full textUltraviolet-C (UV-C) decontamination holds promise in combating the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, particularly with its potential to mitigate the N95 respirator shortage. Safe, effective, and reproducible decontamination depends critically on UV-C dose, yet dose is frequently measured and reported incorrectly, which results in misleading and potentially harmful protocols. Understanding best practices in UV-C dose measurement for N95 respirator decontamination is essential to the safety of medical professionals, researchers, and the public. Here, we outline the fundamental optical principles governing UV-C irradiation and detection, as well as the key metrics of UV-C wavelength and dose. In particular, we discuss the technical and regulatory distinctions between UV-C N95 respirator decontamination and other applications of germicidal UV-C, and we highlight the unique considerations required for UV-C N95 respirator decontamination. Together, this discussion will inform best practices for UV-C dose measurement for N95 respirator decontamination during crisis-capacity conditions."
Exact Tile-Based Segmentation Inference for Images Larger than GPU Memory
No full textWe address the problem of performing exact (tiling-error free) out-of-core semantic segmentation inference of arbitrarily large images using fully convolutional neural networks (FCN). FCN models have the property that once a model is trained, it can be applied on arbitrarily sized images, although it is still constrained by the available GPU memory. This work is motivated by overcoming the GPU memory size constraint without numerically impacting the final result. Our approach is to select a tile size that will fit into GPU memory with a halo border of half the network receptive field. Next, stride across the image by that tile size without the halo. The input tile halos will overlap, while the output tiles join exactly at the seams. Such an approach enables inference to be performed on whole slide microscopy images, such as those generated by a slide scanner. The novelty of this work is in documenting the formulas for determining tile size and stride and then validating them on U-Net and FC-DenseNet architectures. In addition, we quantify the errors due to tiling configurations which do not satisfy the constraints, and we explore the use of architecture effective receptive fields to estimate the tiling parameters
Estimation of a Minimum Allowable Structural Strength based on Uncertainty in Material Test Data
No full textEffects of Ultraviolet-C Radiation Exposure on Aircraft Cabin Materials
No full textUltraviolet-C (UV-C) radiation exposure is an attractive option for rapid and consistent disinfection of interior surfaces in aircraft cabins. In this study, fabric and plastic materials commonly used in aircraft cabins were exposed to UV-C radiation to determine their sensitivity to cumulative damage from frequent application. No significant effect on flame retardancy occurred up to 269 J/cm2 dose, and no effect on tensile or tear strength occurred up to 191 J/cm2. Changes in color or appearance can occur at lower doses. A limit of 40 J/cm2 is proposed to avoid perceptible changes in appearance
Atomic Model Structure of the NIST Monoclonal Antibody (NISTmAb) Reference Material
No full textAs monoclonal antibodies have become a vital resource in medicine, knowledge of their complex molecular structures has increased in importance. Thousands of antibody components (Fab and Fc fragments) are described in the Protein Data Bank. Whole antibodies have been imaged by electron microscopy methods and in a few cases, crystallized. The central hinge lacks a unique stable conformation and its dynamic properties are important to antibody function. Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics simulations and small-angle scattering methods have been used to analyze the wide range of configurations that are accessible to antibodies in solution [7, 8]. In order to support the development of antibody-based medicines, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has released an extensively characterized IgG1_ monoclonal antibody (mAb), called the NISTmAb Reference Material 86711. To facilitate modeling of whole antibodies we now report the construction of an all-atom 3-D model of the NISTmAb
Digitization of Adsorption Isotherms from ""The Thermodynamics and Hysteresis of Adsorption''
No full textHERBERT S. BENNETT
No full textNBS/NIST: 1966–2015
INDUCTED: 2021
B: Quincy, Massachusetts
EDUCATION:
Harvard College, BA (Physics), 1958
University of Maryland, MS (Physics and Mathematics), 1960
Harvard University, PhD (Physics), 1964
CITATION: For pioneering solid-state theoretical models to predict nanoelectronic device behavior and for exceptional support of the semiconductor industry through both seminal research and leadership in international standards and technology roadmaps
POSITIONS HELD AT NBS/NIST:
Physicist, Inorganic Materials Division, Institute for Materials Research, 1966-1972
Commerce Science and Technology Fellow, Office of the Assistant Secretary for S&T, 1971-1972
Chief, Solid State Materials Section, Inorganic Materials Division, Institute for Materials Research, 1972-1978
Director, Division of Materials Research, NSF (detail from NBS), 1978-1980
Group Leader, Device Modeling/Technology, Semiconductor Electronics Division, Center for Electronics and Electrical Engineering (CEEE), National Engineering Laboratory, 1980-1990
Senior Scientist, Semiconductor Electronics Division, CEEE/ Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory (EEEL), 1988-1998
NIST Fellow, Semiconductor Electronics Division, EEEL/Physical Measurement Laboratory (PML), 1998-2015
Guest Researcher, PML 2015-
HONORS:
Maryland Outstanding Young Scientist Award, Maryland Academy of Sciences (1970)
Chair, ATP Technical Review Panel (1994)
Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) (1997)
IEEE Distinguished Lecturer (2002-2015)
Fellow, American Physical Society (2004)
NIST Bronze Medal (2007)
Fellow, Materials Research Society (2012)
IEEE-SA Emerging Technology Award (2014)
Albert Nelson Marquis Lifetime Achievement Award (2019)
MEMBERSHIPS:
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
American Physical Society
Materials Research Society
PUBLICATIONS:
More than 240 publications including:
Bennett, H.S., “Hole and Electron Mobilities in Heavily Doped Silicon: Comparison of Theory and Experiment”, Solid-State Electronics 26, 1157 (1983)
Bennett, H.S., “Absorbing Centers in Laser Materials”, J. Appl. Phys. 42, 619 (1971) - Republished in SPIE Milestone Review of Selected Papers on Laser Damage in Optical Materials (1990)
Bennett, H.S., Lowney, J.R., Tomizawa, M., and Ishibashi, T., “Experimentally Verified Majority and Minority Mobilities in Heavily Doped GaAs for Device Simulations”, IEICE Trans. Electron. E75-C, 161 (1992)
Bennett, H.S., Pellegrino, J., and Andres, H., “A Method for Assigning Priorities to United States Measurement System (USMS) Needs: Nano-Electrotechnologies”, J. of Res. of NIST 114, 4 (2009)
Ochoa, M.A., Maslar, J.E., and Bennett, H.S., “Extracting Electron Densities in n-type GaAs from Raman Spectra: Comparisons with Hall Measurements”, J. of Appl. Physics 128, 075703 (2020
X-Ray Computed Tomography Instrument Performance Evaluation, Part III: Sensitivity to Detector Geometry and Rotation Stage Errors at Different Magnifications
No full textMARGARET C. KLINE
No full textNBS/NIST: 1985–2020
INDUCTED: 2021
B: 1954, Hagerstown, Maryland
EDUCATION:
University of Maryland, BS (Animal Science/Veterinary Science), 1976
University of Maryland, MS (Animal/Dairy/Veterinary Science/Food Science), 1979
CITATION:
For outstanding contributions through the development of the NIST forensic DNA measurement and documentary standards program that has underpinned the U.S. DNA database used in more than half a million criminal investigations over the past two decades
POSITIONS HELD AT NBS/NIST:
Research Biologist, Organic Analytical Research Division, Center for Analytical Chemistry, National
Measurement Laboratory, 1985-1988
Research Biologist, DNA Technologies Group, Biotechnology Division, Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory, 1988-2003
Research Biologist, Applied Genetics Group, Biomolecular Measurement Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, 2003-2020
HONORS:
Standard Reference Materials Program Measurement Services Award (1991 and 1995)
NIST Bronze Medal (1995)
W.J. Youden Award in Interlaboratory Testing, American Statistical Association (2000)
U.S. Department of Commerce Gold Medal (2008)
Judson C. French Award (2014)
MEMBERSHIPS:
American Chemical Society
NIST/ National Institute of Justice Technical Working Group on Biological Evidence Preservation
American Type Culture Collection, Standards Development Organization
Association for Molecular Pathology
PUBLICATIONS:
More than 60 publications including:
Kline, M.C., Duewer, D.L., Newall, P., Redman, J.W., Reeder, D.J., and Richard, M., “Interlaboratory Evaluation of Short Tandem Repeat Triplex CTT”, J. Forensic Sci. 42(5):897-906 (1997)
Kline, M.C., Duewer, D.L, Redman, J.W., Butler, J.M., and Boyer, D.A., “Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplification of DNA from Aged Blood Stains: Quantitative Evaluation of the ‘Suitability for Purpose’ of Four Filter Papers as Archival Media”, Anal. Chem. 74:1863-1869 (2002)
Butler, J.M., Schoske, R., Vallone, P.M., Redman, J.W., and Kline, M.C., “Allele Frequencies for 15 Autosomal STR Loci on U.S. Caucasian, African American and Hispanic Populations”, J. Forensic Sci. 48:908-911 (2003)
Hill, C.R., Kline, M.C., Coble, M.D., and Butler, J.M., “Characterization of 26 MiniSTR Loci for Improved Analysis of Degraded DNA Samples”, J. Forensic Sci. 53:73-80 (2008)
Kline, M.C., Hill, C.R., Decker, A.E., and Butler J.M. “STR Sequence Analysis for Characterizing Normal, Variant, and Null Alleles”, FSI Genetics 5(4):329-332 (2011
ROBERT D. SHULL
No full textNBS/NIST: 1979–2018
INDUCTED: 2021
B: 1946, Knoxville, Tennessee
EDUCATION:
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, SB (Materials Science), 1968
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, MS (Metallurgical and Mining Engineering), 1973
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, PhD (Metallurgical and Mining Engineering), 1976
CITATION: For extraordinary creativity and innovation in fundamental research on magnetic materials and their industrial impacts, and his passion for service resulting in literally thousands of better educated STEM students
POSITIONS HELD AT NBS/NIST:
Metallurgist, Metallurgy Division, Center for Materials Science, National Measurement Laboratory/Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory (MSEL), 1979-1994
Group Leader, Magnetic Materials Group, Metallurgy Division, MSEL/Material Measurement Laboratory (MML), 1995-2014
Metallurgist, Materials Science and Engineering Division, MML, 2014-2018
NIST Fellow, 2010-2018
Scientist Emeritus, 2018-
HONORS:
NIST Chapter of Sigma Xi, Outstanding Service Award (2003)
Montgomery County Cooperative Extension Honor Roll (2003)
NIST EEO/Diversity Awards (2003 and 2006)
Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) (2007)
President, The Minerals, Metals, & Materials Society (TMS) (2007)
Honorary Member, Indian Institute of Metals (2009)
SPIE Nanoengineering Pioneer Award (2009)
Fellow, TMS (2012)
MEMBERSHIPS:
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
The Minerals, Metals, & Materials Society (TMS)
PUBLICATIONS:
More than 200 publications including:
K. Moorjani, J. Bohandy, F.J. Adrian, B.F. Kim, R.D. Shull, C.K. Chiang, L.J. Swartzendruber, and L.H. Bennett, “Superconductivity in Bulk and Thin Films of La1.85Sr0.15CuO4−δ and Ba2YCu3O7−δ", Physical Review B, 36, 4036 (1987)
A.J. Melmed, R.D. Shull, C.K. Chiang, and H.A. Fowler, “Possible Evidence for Superconducting Layers in Single Crystal YBa2Cu3O7-x by Field Ion Microscopy”, Science, 239, 176-178 (1988)
R.D. McMichael, R.D. Shull, L.J. Swartzendruber, L.H. Bennett, and R.E. Watson, “Magnetocaloric Effect in Superparamagnets”, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 111, 29 (1992)
V.I. Nikitenko, V.S. Gornakov, L.M. Dedukh, Yu.P. Kabanov, A.F. Khapikov, A.J. Shapiro, R.D. Shull, A. Chaiken, R.P. Michel, “Asymmetry of Domain Nucleation and Enhanced Coercivity in Exchange-biased Epitaxial NiO/NiFe Bilayers”, Physical Review B, 57, R8111 (1998)
V. Provenzano, A.J. Shapiro, and R.D. Shull, “Reduction of Hysteresis Losses in the Magnetic Refrigerant Gd5Ge2Si2 by the Addition of Iron”, Nature, 429, 853 (2004)
Q. Ma, Y. Li, D.B. Gopman, Yu.P. Kabanov, R.D. Shull, and C.L. Chien, “Switching a Perpendicular Ferromagnetic Layer by Competing Spin Currents”, Physical Review Letters, 120, 117703 (2018