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Oral history interview of Richard Fields, June 29, 2009 / with Sam Lowe, Jack Rush, Jack Coriell, David Lide, and Hans Oser.
No full textOral history interview of Dr. Richard Fields, formerly with the Metallurgy Division in the Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory (MSEL), National Bureau of Standards (NBS). Dr. Fields first joined NBS as a post doctoral fellow
A close-up view of a piece of the eyebar that failed and initiated the collapse of the Point Pleasant Bridge (Silver Bridge) on Dec. 15, 1967
No full textA close-up view of a piece of the eyebar that failed and initiated the collapse of the Point Pleasant Bridge (Silver Bridge) on Dec. 15, 1967. This eyebar is part of a display in the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Museum in Gaithersburg, MD. NIST, (then called the National Bureau of Standards or NBS) was part of the investigation into the cause of the bridge collapse
J. William Gadzuk
No full textJ. WILLIAM GADZUK
Inducted: 2009
Citation:
For extraordinary theoretical research over 40 years and its revolutionary impact on the development of surface physics and chemistry
Tenure: 1968-2006
Birth: 1941, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Education:
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, BS (Mechanical Engineering), 1963
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MS (Physics), 1965
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, PhD, (Physics), 1967
Positions held:
Theoretical Physicist, Atomic Physics/Optical Physics, Institute for Basic Standards, 1968-1979
Physicist, Surface Science Division, Center for Chemical Physics, 1979-1989
Physicist, Surface and Microanalysis Division, CSTL, 1989-2004
Physicist, Electron and Optical Physics Division; Physics Laboratory, 2004-2006
NIST Scientist Emeritus, 2006-Present
Honors:
US Department of Commerce Silver Medal (1976), Gold Medal (1981)
NORDITA (Nordic Institute of Theoretical Atomic Physics) Visiting Professorship at the Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenberg, Sweden (1978-1983)
Arthur S. Fleming Award (1979)
Fellow of the American Physical Society (1981)
Washington Academy of Sciences Scientific Achievement Award (1989)
Century of Excellence at NBS/NIST: SP 958- [included two significant research programs] (2001)
American Physical Society Outstanding Referee (2008)
Memberships:
American Physical Society
MIT Alumni Masters Crew (rowing)
National Philharmonic Orchestra Chorale and Board of Directors
Publications:
More than 150 publications including:
Gadzuk, J.W., “Theory of Atom-Metal Interactions I. Alkali Atom Adsorption,” Surface Science 6, 133 (1967)
Gadzuk, J.W. and Plummer, E.W., “Field Emission Energy Distributions,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 45, 487 (1973)
Gadzuk, J.W. and Luntz, A.C., “On Vibrational Lineshapes of Adsorbed Molecules,” Surface Science 144, 429 (1984)
Gadzuk, J.W., “The Semiclassical Way to Molecular Dynamics at Surfaces,” Ann.Rev.Phys.Chem.39, 395 (1988)
Gadzuk, J.W., Richter, L.J., Buntin, S.A., King, D.S., and Cavanagh, R.R., “Laser-Excited Hot-Electron Induced Desorption: A Theoretical Model Applied to NO/Pt(111),” Surface Science 235, 317 (1990)
Gadzuk, J.W., “Inelastic Resonance Scattering, Tunneling, and Desorption,” Phys.Rev.B 44, 13466 (1991
John C. Stephenson
No full textJohn C. Stephenson
Inducted: 2009
Citation: For developing innovative time-resolved laser methods for studying atmospheric and combustion photochemistry, catalysis, semiconductors, and biophysics.
Tenure: 1971-2005
Birth: 1945, Florence, Arizona
Education:
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, BS (Chemistry), 1966
University of California, Berkeley, PhD (Physical Chemistry), 1971
Positions held:
Scientist, Quantum Electronics Division (Boulder), 1971-1974
Program Analyst, Office of the Director, 1975-1976
Research Chemist, Physics Laboratory, Gaithersburg, 1976-2005
Group Leader, Molecular Physics Division, Physics Laboratory, 1979-1995
Group Leader, Optical Technology Division, Physics Laboratory, 1997-2002
NIST Fellow, Optical Technology Division, Physics Laboratory, 2002-2005
Honors:
U.S. Department of Commerce Silver Medal (1979) and Gold Medal (1985)
NIST Samuel Wesley Stratton Award (1991)
Fellow of the Optical Society of America
Memberships:
American Chemical Society
Optical Society of America
Co-Chair, Gordon Research Conference on Molecular Energy Transfer (1993)
Guest Editor, Chemical Physics Special Issue on Vibrational-Energy Dynamics (1993)
Publications:
More than 100 publications including:
Stephenson, J.C. and King, D.S., “Energy Partitioning in the Collision Free Multiphoton Dissociation of Molecules: Energy of X CF2 from CF2HCl, CF2Br2, and CF2Cl,” J. Chem. Phys. 69, 1485 (1978)
Heilweil, E.J., Casassa, M.P., Cavanagh, R.R., and Stephenson, J.C., “Picosecond Vibrational Energy Transfer Studies of Surface Adsorbates,” Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem. 40, 143 (1989)
Beckerle, J.D., Cavanagh, R.R., Casassa, M.P., Heilweil, E.J., and Stephenson, J.C., “Subpicosecond Transient IR Spectroscopy of Adsorbates: Vibrational Dynamics of CO/Pt(111),” J. Chem. Phys. 95, 5403 (1991)
Cavanagh, R.R., King, D.S., Stephenson, J.C., and Heinz, T.F., “Dynamics of Nonthermal Reactions: Femtosecond Surface Chemistry,” J. Phys. Chem. 97, 786 (1993)
Richter, L.J., Petralli-Mallow, T.P., and Stephenson, J.C., “Vibrationally Resolved Sum-frequency Generation with Broad-bandwidth Infrared Pulses,” Opt. Lett. 23, 1594 (1998)
Briggman, K.A., Richter, L.J., Stephenson, J.C., and Wallace, W.E., “Absolute Molecular Orientational Distribution of the Polystyrene Surface,” J. Phys. Chem. B. 105(14), 2785-2791 (2001
Tawfik Meir Raby
No full textTawfik Meir Raby
Inducted: 2009
Citation: For contributions to NIST and national goals through leadership of the Reactor Operations and Engineering Group to create the most reliable and cost-effective major research reactor in the world.
Tenure: 1967-2008
Birth: 1928, Baghdad, Iraq
Education:
University of California-Berkeley, BA (Physics and Chemistry), 1953
Columbia University, Graduate Studies, 1957-1959
Positions held:
Nuclear Expert, Reactor Radiation Division, 1967-1968
Chief, Reactor Operations Section and Deputy Chief, Reactor Radiation Division, 1968-1989
Chief, Reactor Operations and Engineering and Deputy Chief, Reactor Radiation Division Center for Neutron Research 1989-2002
NIST Fellow, 2000-2005
Senior Research Scientist, 2005-2008
Honors:
Robert E. Carter Award for Lifetime Achievement, National Organization of Test, Research, and Training Reactor (TRTR) (1998)
TRTR National Distinguished Service Award (2005)
U.S. Department of Commerce Silver Medals (1985 and 1989) and Gold Medals (1990 and 1997)
Presidential Rank Award (1993)
Standards Service Award, American Nuclear Society (1996)
Adjunct Professor of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (1965-1975)
Registered Professional Nuclear Engineer (1976-2009)
Memberships:
Committee N-17, American Nuclear Society
American Nuclear Society Standards Steering Committee
Subcommittee for Reactor Technology, Technical Committee for Nuclear Energy
International Organization for Standardization
Executive Board, National Organization of Test, Research, and Training Reactors
Interagency Board of U.S. Civil Service Examiners
Publications:
More than 100 publications, including:
Frizzel, O.E. and Raby, Tawfik M., “Non-Contact Method for Measurement of Nuclear Fuel Temperature,” Transactions of the American Nuclear Society (1975)
Raby, Tawfik M., “Production and Development of Fluorine-18 for Medical Applications,” American Chemical Society, Men and Molecules (1973)
DeSpain, H.E. and Raby, Tawfik M., “A New Method for Measuring Radioactive Argon Releases from Nuclear Facilities,” Transactions of the American Nuclear Society (1974)
Raby, Tawfik M., et. al, “The Development of Technical Specifications for Research Reactors,” ANSI/ANS-15.1 (1990)
Raby, Tawfik M., et. al, “Selections and Training of Personnel for Research Reactors,” ANSI/ANS-15.4 (2008)
Raby, Tawfik M., et. al, “Radiation Protection at Research Reactors,” ANSI/ANS-15.11 (1995
Close up of an eyebar on a model of the collapsed Point Pleasant Bridge (Silver Bridge) over the Ohio River
No full textA close up of the an eyebar on a model of the Point Place Bridge (Silver Bridge) that collapsed into the Ohio River on Dec. 15, 1967. The bridge connected Point Pleasant, West Virginia, and Gallipolis, Ohio. This model is part of a display in the National Institute of Standards and Technology Museum in Gaithersburg, MD. The National Bureau of Standards was part of the investigation into the cause of the bridge collapse
Synthesis of Polymerizable Cyclodextrin Derivatives for Use in Adhesion-Promoting Monomer Formulations
No full textThe synthesis of the cyclodextrin derivatives reported herein was assisted by extensive literature research together with structure-property relationships derived from three-dimensional molecular modeling. These studies led to the hypothesis that many of the 21 hydroxyl groups on beta-cyclodextrin molecules could be derivatized to form a closely related family of analogous chemical compounds containing both polymerizable groups and hydrophilic ionizable ligand (substrate-binding) groups, each attached via hydrolytically-stable ether-linkages. The vinylbenzylether polymerizable groups should readily homopolymerize and also copolymerize with methacrylates. This could be highly useful for dental applications because substantially all contemporary dental resins and composites are based on methacrylate monomers. Due to hydrophilic ligands and residual hydroxyl groups, these cyclodextrin derivatives should penetrate hydrated layers of dentin and enamel to interact with collagen and tooth mineral. Analyses indicated that the diverse reaction products resulting from the method of synthesis reported herein should comprise a family of copolymerizable molecules that collectively contain about 30 different combinations of vinylbenzyl and hexanoate groups on the various molecules, with up to approximately seven of such groups combined on some of the molecules. Although the hypothesis was supported, and adhesive bonding to dentin is expected to be significantly improved by the use of these polymerizable cyclodextrin derivatives, other efforts are planned for improved synthetic methods to ensure that each of the reaction-product molecules will contain at least one copolymerizable moiety. The long-term objective is to enable stronger and more durable attachments of densely cross-linked polymers to hydrated hydrophilic substrates. Capabilities for bonding of hydrolytically stable polymers to dental and perhaps other hydrous biological tissues could provide widespread benefits
Method for the Characterization of Extreme-Ultraviolet Photoresist Outgassing
No full textOutgassing from photoresists illuminated by extreme ultraviolet radiation can lead to degradation of the very expensive multilayer-coated optics in an extreme ultraviolet stepper. Reliable quantification of the various organic molecules outgassed by photoresists has been a challenging goal. We have designed a compact system for this measurement. In the first step, the total number of molecules emitted by the photoresist is measured using a pressure-rise method in a closed vacuum chamber, with the pressure measured by mechanical means using a capacitance displacement gauge. To provide identification and relative abundances, the outgassed molecules are then collected in an evacuated trap cooled by liquid nitrogen for subsequent analysis by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. We will discuss the design and performance of the system
Calibration of Speed Enforcement Down-The-Road Radars
No full textWe examine the measurement uncertainty associated with different methods of calibrating the ubiquitous down-the-road (DTR) radar used in speed enforcement. These calibration methods include the use of audio frequency sources, tuning forks, a fifth wheel attached to the rear of the vehicle with the radar unit, and the speedometer of the vehicle. We also provide an analysis showing the effect of calibration uncertainty on DTR-radar speed measurement uncertainty
Characterization of Probe Dynamic Behaviors in Critical Dimension Atomic Force Microscopy
No full textThis paper describes a detailed computational model of the interaction between an atomic force microscope probe tip and a sample surface. The model provides analyses of dynamic behaviors of the tip to estimate the probe deflections due to surface intermittent contact and the resulting dimensional biases and uncertainties. Probe tip and cantilever beam responses to intermittent contact between the probe tip and sample surface are computed using the finite element method. Intermittent contacts with a wall and a horizontal surface are computed and modeled, respectively. Using a 75 nm Critical Dimension (CD) tip as an example, the responses of the probe to interaction forces between the sample surface and the probe tip are shown in both time and frequency domains. In particular, interaction forces between the tip and both a vertical wall and a horizontal surface of a silicon sample are modeled using Lennard-Jones theory. The Snap-in and Snap-out of the probe tip in surface scanning are calculated and shown in the time domain. Based on the given tipsample interaction force model, the calculation includes the compliance of the probe and dynamic forces generated by an excitation. Cantilever and probe tip deflections versus interaction forces in the time domain can be derived for both vertical contact with a plateau and horizontal contact with a side wall. Dynamic analysis using the finite element method and Lennard-Jones model provide a unique means to analyze the interaction of the probe and sample, including calculation of the deflection and the gap between the probe tip and the measured sample surface